Anantomy & Physiology II: Chapter 14 – Lymphatic & Immune Systems – Flashcards
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lymphatic and immune systems
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work together to defend your body against the invasion of pathogens
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lymphatic system
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second circulatory system, running parallel to the blood circulatory system
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lymphatic capillaries
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fluid moves through the tissues, washing any pathogens
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lymphatic system functions
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recycle fluids lost from blood, store and promote the maturation of WBCs, absorb lipids from the digestive system
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lymphatic vessels
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flows into lymph nodes
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lymph nodes
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small bodies containing lymphatic tissue; lymphocytes and macrophages, any pathogens contained in the fluid can be destroyed by the WBCs
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type of lymphatic ducts
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right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct
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lymphatic ducts
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lymph flows into one of the subclavian veins
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lymph node regions
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neck, armpits, anterior elbow, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, and groin
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tonsils and adenoids
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patches of lymphatic tissue in the pharynx
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lymphatic organs
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thymus, spleen
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thymus
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involved in the maturation of lymphocytes
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spleen
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functions to clean the blood pathogens
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disorders of the lymphatic system
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tonsillitis, mononucleosis, lymphoma
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tonsillitis
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inflammation of tonsils caused by infection
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mononucleosis
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infection of the lymph nodes by a virus
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lymphoma
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cancer of the lymphatic system
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immune system
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complex series of mechanisms designed to prevent pathogens from entering your body or destroy pathogens once they have entered
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immune system operations
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recognition system based on antigens and antibodies
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antigens
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cell surface proteins
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antibodies
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blood proteins that bind to antigens
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first line of defense
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innate immune system
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innate immune system
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inborn and cannot recognize or remember specific pathogens, does not improve with experience
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adaptive immune system
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improves with experience, can remember and later recognize pathogens, can mount a more rapid response the second/third time it meets a pathogen
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physical barriers
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skin and mucous membranes;
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chemical barriers
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tears, mucus, urine, saliva, and sweat; innate immunity
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important cells against invasion
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leukocytes or modified leukocytes: innate immunity
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modified monocytes
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neutrophils and macrophages
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neutrophils and macrophages
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gobble up pathogens and infected cells
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phagocytosis
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infected cells
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esoinophils
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protect against parasites
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basophils
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secrete chemicals that enhance immune response
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natural killer cells
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lymphocytes that kill infected cells
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antigen-displaying cells
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dendritic and macrophages
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antigen-displaying cell function
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wear the anitgens of a pathogen on their surface and activate the B and T lymphocytes; adaptive immunity
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leukemia
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group of cancers in which leukocytes divide out of control
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cytokines
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proteins produced by damaged tissue and WBCs
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specific cytokines
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interferon, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor
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complement
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specialized series of proteins in normal blood serum and plasma that in combination with antibodies, cause he destruction of particulate antigens
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results of complement
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rupture of bacteria, enhanced phagocytosis, clumping of cells, and stimulation of WBCs
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inflammation
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response occurs when tissue is damaged from infection or injury
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symptoms of inflammation
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redness, heat, swelling, and pain
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fever
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deliberate elevation of body temperature by the hypothalamus; innate immunity
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neutrophils
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detect the presence of a foreign antigen; cannot identifiy the antigen, just that it is "non-self", ingest the cells bearing antigens, destroying the pathogen and/or infected cell
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macrophages
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ingest infected cells and display their antigens
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innate immunity
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crude warfare; healthy tissue is damaged in the process
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adaptive immunity
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spares healthy tissue, zeroing in on infected cells and pathogens precisely
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positive selection
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cells that bind to antigens and become active are selected to reproduce
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negative selection
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lymphocytes that respond to antigens, those attack self-antigens must be destroyed
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autoimmune disorders
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chronic, progressive, degenerative diseases
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autoimmune disorder results attacked body tissues
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joints, thyroid gland, pancreas, and myelin
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helper T cells
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matches the pathogen, activated by binding to the antigen-displaying cells: adaptive immunity
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lymphocyte proliferation
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activated helper T cells divide and reproduce until there are thousands of them, all matching the pathogen
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AIDS
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acquired immune deficiency sydrome; caused by HIV
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus; attacks helper T cells and eventually destroying them
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anitibody-mediated immunity
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B lymphocytes
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B cells
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plasma cells release antibodies into the bloodstream that bind to and inactivate specific antigens; innate & adaptive immunity
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effects of antibodies
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neutralizing the antigen, clumping of antigens, activation of complement, immune stimulation, and enhanced phagocytosis
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secondary immune response
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B cells
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types of T cells
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ctyotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, memory T cells
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cytotoxic T cells
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directly activated by antigen-displaying cells, responsible for cell-mediated immunity, killing infected cells by contact; literally blows a hole in the infected cell destroying it
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regulatory T cells
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part of the control system of the immune system; "off switch"
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memory T cells
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wait in preparation for another invasion
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aquired immunity
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adaptive; affected by experience
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types of acquired immunity
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natural, artificial, active, passive
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natural
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without medical intervention
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artificial
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with medical intervention
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active
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immune system actively fights
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passive
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immune system does little work
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artificial active immunity
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occurs due to immunizations
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artificial passive immunity
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occurs when antibodies are injected in to a patient to help them fight off infection their immune system is incapable of fighting
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two major points
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1. all about positive feedback, 2. innate and adaptive immunity mutually enhance each other
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anaphylaxis
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widespread inflammation due to allergic reaction; can lead to shock
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stage 4
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stage of cancer often terminal
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How do antibodies destroy pathogens?
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may cause the antigens to clump
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After the physical barriers, what is the first line of defense in the body?
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phagocytosis
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Function of the spleen.
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filter pathogens from the bloodstream
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Right lymphatic duct empties into?
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subclavian vein
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How does lymph move through the body?
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body movement
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Lymphatic trunks empty into?
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collecting ducts
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Spleen is located where?
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upper left quadrant of abdomen (ULQ)
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Which areas that have large concentrations of lymph nodes?
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iguinal
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Lymphocytes originate where?
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red bone marrow
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Which WBCs does the HIV specifically target?
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helper T cells
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Antibodies passed on to a fetus through the placenta represents?
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naturally acquired passive immunity
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lymph from the lower extremities empty into?
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thoracic
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A vaccine is an example of what?
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artificially acquired active immunity
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Type of a lymphatic trunk?
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jugular
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The spleen is not a vital organ.
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True
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Which WBC is the first to arrive at the site of damage?
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neutrophils
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Biological increase in body temperature due to infection is what type of response?
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innate immunity
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Which vessel collects 2/3 of the body's lymph?
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thoracic duct
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Which WBCs are most common in the bloodstream?
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neutrophils
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Thymus located where?
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chest
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Thymus Gland: higher func. capacity in children than adults, contains lymphocytes, secretes a hormone.
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True
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Infection with Espstein-Barr causes:
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mononeucleosis
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Lupus erythematosis, the immune system attacks:
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tissue in general
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Stage 3
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cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes
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Leukemia in which the stem cells are dividing out of control and symptoms are rapid and severe is called:
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acute myelogenous leukemia
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Immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas:
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diabetes mellitus type 1
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drugs that suppress immune-enhancing chemicals and are used for treating autoimmune disorders are called:
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biological response modifiers
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predictable worsening of allergies in patients with repeated exposure to allergens:
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atopic march
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severe reduction in T cells numbers due to a genetic disorder
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SCID
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innflammation is often thought of as a two-edged sword:
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too much inflammation causes tissue damage
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treats rheumatoid arthritis
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tumor necrosis factor inhibitor
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fungi
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pathogentic organism
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interleukin - 1
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secreted by macrophages
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interleukin - 2
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secreted by helper T cells
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histamines
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secreted by mast cells
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SCID
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enzyme replacement, sterile environment, gene therapy, bone marrow, or stem cells; "boy in the plastic bubble"
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rheumatoid arthritis
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DMARDS, BRMS, surgery, lifestyle changes
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helper T cells are also called:
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CD4 & CD8
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DMARDS
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disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; highly toxic drugs and confusing pharmacologically; used to treat autoimmune disorders; chemotherapy agent for cancer
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Hodgkin's
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cancer of the lymph nodes
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BRMs
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biological response modifiers; inhibits cytokins/immune cells
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Addl. Notes
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LEFT: tonsils, cervical nodes, right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, intestial nodes, inguinal nodes RIGHT: thymus gland, auxillary nodes, spleen
