HIT 170 Chapter 19 – Flashcards
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Metastasis
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The spread of malignant tumors to a distant location
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adenocarcinoma of the lung
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example of a solid tumor derived from epithelial tissue
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fungating tumor
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mushrooming pattern of tumor growth
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polypoid
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sessile and pedunculated growths
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Carcinoma in situ
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localized tumor
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scirrhous-type tumors
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hard densely packed tumor cells
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staging a tumor
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assessing the extent of tumor spread
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mutagenic
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producing a change in the DNA of a cell
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mutation
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inheritable change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell
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oncogenes
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genetic material that causes cancer
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exenteration
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wide resention of tumor and removal of surrounding tissue
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fulguration
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destruction of tissue by electric sparks
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retinoblastoma
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childhood (inherited) cancer arising from immature cells in the posterios, light-sensitive area of the eye.
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radioresistant tumor
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tumor requires large doses of radiation to destroy and kill cells
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cauterization
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treating tissue with heat
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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adjuvant
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assisting or aiding
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linear accelerator
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treating tumors with radiation
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estrogen receptor assay
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tests the concentration of hormone receptor sites in cells of breast cancer patients
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staging laparotomy
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wide surgical incision to detect disease
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interferon
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biological response modifier
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relapse
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return of symptoms of a disease
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osteogenic sarcoma
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cancerous tumor derived from bone
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erythema
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redness of skin; side effect of radiation therapy
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alopecia
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hair loss; side effect of chemotherapy or radiotherapy
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fibrosis
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abnormal growth of connective tissue; side effect of radiation therapy to the lungs
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myelosuppression
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hypoplasia of bone marrow
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mucositis
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inflammation of the inner lining of an organ
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biologic response modifiers
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substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer
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alkylating agents
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synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that interfere with DNA synthesis
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anaplasia
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loss of differentiation of cells
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antimetabolites
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chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA
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angiogenesis
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process of forming new blood vessels
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benign tumor
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noncancerous growth
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antibiotics
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chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants; inhibit the growth of cells in cancer chemotherapy
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antimitotics
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drugs that block mitosis (cell division)
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adjuvant therapy
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assisting primary treatment
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chemotherapy
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treatment with drugs
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DNA
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genetic material within the nucleus of a cell
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carcinoma
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cancerous tumor
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differentiating agents
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drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die
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cellular oncogenes
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pices of DNA that can cause a normal cell to become malignant
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dedifferentiation
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loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive type; anaplasia
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carcinogens
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agents that cause cancer, chemicals, drugs, radiation, viruses.
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biological therapy
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use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells
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electron beams
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low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors
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differentiation
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specialization of cells
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gray (Gy)
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unit of absorbed radiation dose
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irradiation
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exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays
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grading of tumors
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evaluation of the degree of maturity of tumor cells
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fractionation
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giving radiation in small, repeated doses
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mitosis
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replication of cells; two identical cells from a parent cell
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metastasis
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spread of malignant tumor to a secondary site
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morbidity
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being deceased
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genetic screening
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family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene.
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external beam radiation
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radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source
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radiation
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energy carried by a stream of particles
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nucleotide
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unit of DNA composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base
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pedunculated
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possessing a stem or a stalk
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proton therapy
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subatomic particles produced by a cyclotron deposit of an abosorbed dose of radiation at a focused point in the body
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neoplasm
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new browth (tumor)
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protocol
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detailed plan for treatment
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oncogene
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region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer
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palliative
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relieving, but nor curing symptoms
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mucinous
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containing mucus
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simulation
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study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment prior to radiation
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relapse
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return of symptoms of disease
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radiotherapy
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treatment of tumors using radiatoin; radiation oncology
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stereotactic radiosurgery
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dose of radiation delivered under highly precise guidance (Gamma Knife surgery)
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radiocurable tumor
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tumor cells that are destroyed by radiation therapy
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remission
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partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of a disease
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ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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cellular substance that along with DNA plays an important role in protein synthesis
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radiosensitizers
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drugs that increase the senitivity of tumors to x-rays
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steroids
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complex, naturally occurring chemicals (such as hormones) that are used in cancer chemotherapy
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sarcoma
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cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue
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radiosensitive tumor
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tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue.
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carcinoma in situ
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localized cancer; confined to the site of origin
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cryosurgery
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surgery using cold temperatures
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cachexia
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general ill health and malnutrition
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follicular
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pertaining to small glandular sacs as seen under a microscope
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fibrosarcoma
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malignant tumor of fibrous tissue
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electrocauterization
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burning tissue using electricity
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cystic tumor
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pertaining to a tumor with large open spaces filled with fluid
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necrotic tumor
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pertaining to a tumor containing dead tissue
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papillary
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forming small, finger-like or nipple-like projection of cells as seen under a microscope
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oncology
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study of tumors
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pleomorphic
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tumor cells forming a variety of cells, as seen under a microscope
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neurofibromatosis
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tumors of fibrous tissue surrounding nerves (genetic disorder)
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dysplastic
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abnormal-appearing (but not clearly cancerous) cells as seen under a microscope
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medulliary tumor
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pertaining to a large, soft, fleshy tumor
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scirrhous
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densely packed tumor cells
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polypoid tumor
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growths that are like projections extending outward from a base
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modality
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method of treatment
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neuroblastoma
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childhood cancer that arises in immature cells of the autonomic nervous system
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xerostomia
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condition of dry mouth
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osteosarcoma
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malignant tumor of bone
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adenocarcinoma
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malignant tumor of glandular tissue
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hyperplasia
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condition of excessive formation of cells
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teletherapy
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radiation treatment delivered via a distant source (external beam radiation)
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metaplasia
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abnormal transformation of differentiated cells to differentiated tissue of another kind
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brachytherapy
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radiation delivered in close range to a tumor site
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mammography
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x-ray exam of the breast to detect breast cancer
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bone marrow biopsy
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aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope
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laparoscopy
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visual exam of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and an endoscope
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radionuclide scans
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radioactive substances are injected intravenously and images of organs are obtained
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exfoliative cytology
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cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope
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bone marrow or stem cell transplant
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cells that give rise to blood cells are infused intravenously into a patient
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fiberoptic colonoscopy
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visual exam of the colon
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immunohistochemistry
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localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled antibodies
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protein marker tests
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CA-125, PSA, beta-hCG, and CEA are detected in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells
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core needle biopsy
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insertion of a large-bore needle into tissue to remove cells for microscopic exam
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cytogenetic analysis
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chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations or deletions of DNA
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PET/CT scan
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combination of two machines; one to examine chemical reactions and one to examine physical structure
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Bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
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healthy blood-forming tissue is transferred from a donor to a recipient.
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biopsy (bx)
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removal of tissue and examination under a microscope
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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protein that appears in the blood marker of patients with colorectal pancreatic and other cancers
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centigray (cGY)
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dose of radiation
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Estrogen receptor (ER)
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protein marker found on breast cancer cells
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erythropoietin (EPO)
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hormone made in the kidney to stimulate the formation of RBCs
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metastases (mets)
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spreading of malignant tumor to a distant location
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tumor, nodes, metastases (TNM)
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staging system for malignant tumors
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vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
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protein that promotes the formation of blood vessels
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radiation therapy (XRT)
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treatment with irradiation
