module 5 self evaluation – Flashcards
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components of dna, called ______ control how the molecular toolkit is used
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genetic switches
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a morphogen is a protein that can restore totipotency to cells from an adult animal
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FALSE
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pair rule genes
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segmentation gene
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_________ is a shift in the relative timing of two different developmental processes that can result in new morphology
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heterochrony
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Which of the following is least likely to occur from the inactivation of p53
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increased propensity to arrest in G1
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The enzyme telomerase is essential for unlimited cell division since
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a lack of telomerase will result in chromosome shortening and cell death
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What kind of information will be used for personalized cancer treatment?
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whole genome sequencing
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Why are some individuals predisposed to getting cancer
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they inherit mutant alleles of genes that are involved in cancer development
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Drugs such as gleevec and herceptin represent a modern approach to cancer treatment since they
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specifically target gene alterations that occur in some cancers
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What type of segmentation gene in Drosophila is most analogous to the loss of seven cervical vertebrae produced by the recessive mouse mutation?
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gap gene and gene
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Establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo:
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involves the nuclear localization of Dorsal protein in the ventral nuclei
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The homeotic, gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity genes ALL control:
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aspects of the anterior posterior pattern formation AND
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High concentration of which protein simulates the development of anterior structures?
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bicoid
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the ability of an organism to modify its development in response to environmental conditions is called
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developmental plasticity
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Match: ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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Ernst Haeckel
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What are Hox genes?
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Homeotic selector genes that encode transription factors which give a segment its identity
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in its active form, the RAS protein is associated with
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GTP
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experimental result that supports the hypothesis that cancers are clonal
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cells from cancers of women have the same x chromosome inactivated
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the term for a mutated gene that can act dominantly to predispose a cell to a cancerous phenotype
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oncogenes
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the enzymatic activity of CDKs are regulated by their forming a complex with which proteins
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cyclins
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the current model of cancer development is that
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a cancer develops from a single cell that evolves through multiple mutations
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Which of the following statements about the gene eyeless is true?
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it is found in Drosophila it encodes a transcription factor Pax6 is the equivalent gene in mice
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how can a mutation in a tumor suppressor behave as a recessive allele at the cellular level but appear as a dominant allele in pedigree analysis?
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at the cellular level both alleles need to be mutated for an effect while in a pedigree the cancer may be vertically inherited
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which statement best describes the action of polypeptide growth factors
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they bind to cell surface receptors and trigger intracellular signal transduction pathways
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activity of Rb is regulated by
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its phosphorylation state
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Morphogens control cell fate at
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3 or more concentrations
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Most regulatory genes have evolved little over a period of millions of years; therefore, they are said to be _______.
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conserved
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a programmed cell change that results in cell death is referred to as
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apoptosis
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a common type of genomic change that occurs in cancer cells
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polyploidy
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in flies homeotic genes are present in two gene complexes
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true
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which of the following is true of homeotic transformations in Drosophila
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they can be passed on from generation to generation
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Deletion of the _______ gene in Drosophila converts the third thoracic segment into the second thoracic segment, resulting in a fly with two sets of fully formed wings.
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ubx
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Match: antennapedia complex
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homeotic gene
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Match: dorsal
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nuclear localization
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The action of genes controlled by _______ determines where and when they will be expressed or suppressed.
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a) evolution b) None of the above c) patterning d) molecular toolboxes e) genetic switches****
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Alterations in the spatial expression patterns of regulatory genes can result in
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a) mutant genotypes. b) mutant alleles. c) None of the above d) succession. e) evolutionary change.***
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HPV inactivates p53; the fact that the loss of p53 function is oncogenic suggests that
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p53 normally functions to prevent uncontrolled cell division
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the nanos mRNA is localized at the _______ end of the Drosophila egg
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posterior
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The ability of a cell to move to other parts of the body is known as
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metastasis
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when pax6 gene is overexpressed in flies
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flylike eyes develop.
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How do developmental genes constrain evolution?
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a) Modifying previously existing structures b) Maintaining highly conserved genes c) Creating novel structures d) Both a and b*** e) All of the above
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The expression of a zygotic gene product is based on the ____________________.
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genotype of the zygote
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_______ allows morphological changes to occur without disrupting the entire organism.
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a) Developmental plasticity b) Regulatory malleability c) Heritability d) Modularity*** e) Heterochrony
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Many of the genes that control development encode _______ that act on proteins in a cascade of events.
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a) transcription factors
