Chpt. 8 Nutrients Involved in Antioxidant Function and Vision – Flashcards
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Selenium deficiency had been associated with _________. night blindness diabetes Keshan disease. marasmus
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Keshan disease.
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If cancer cells are proliferating and growing their own blood vessels, the cancer is likely in the _________ stage. promotion remission initiation progression
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progression
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Vitamin C enhances _____ absorption. vitamin E iron free radical calcium
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vitamin E
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True/False. Formation of free radicals can increase your risk of cancer and heart disease.
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True The damage caused by free radicals accumulates with age, increasing the risk of heart disease and cancer.
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Which statement regarding free radicals is FALSE? -Free radicals donate electrons to unstable compounds. -Free radicals can be neutralized by antioxidants. -Free radicals steal electrons from phospholipids found in cell membranes. -Free radicals contain an unpaired electron.
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Free radicals donate electrons to unstable compounds.
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True/False. Vitamin E is considered an antioxidant.
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True. Antioxidants are compounds that can donate electrons to stabilize free radicals without themselves becoming unstable. Antioxidants include nutrients, such as vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and the mineral selenium. When present, antioxidants stop the chain reaction and potential cellular damage by providing the free radical with the additional stabilizing electron.
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Antioxidant minerals function as ______ within antioxidant enzyme systems. phytochemicals polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) provitamins cofactors
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cofactors
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Which form of vitamin A enables the eye to react to changes in light? retinoic acid retinal retinol none of these answers are correct
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retinal
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True/False. Without adequate vitamin A we would not be able to see in the dark.
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True
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The pigment that is responsible for night vision is called __________. gamma opsin rhodopsin retinal
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rhodopsin The pigment molecules that are responsible for night vision are called rhodopsin and are composed of retinal and a protein called opsin.
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When light energy hits the retina, the retinal changes from a _____ to a _____ configuration. circular; linear cis; trans beta; gamma none of these answers are correct
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cis; trans
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Tocopherol compounds are biologically active forms of ________. vitamin E vitamin C beta-carotene vitamin K
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vitamin E
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Vitamin C deficiencies are rare in ______ countries. war-torn developing lower hemisphere developed
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developed
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Which is the best food source of beta-carotene? Blueberries Cheddar cheese Salmon Pumpkin pie
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Pumpkin pie
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An example of a modifiable risk factor identified by the American Cancer Society is ____. age weight genetics family history
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weight
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Which of these foods is the best source of vitamin E? Canola oil Salmon Greek yogurt Grilled chicken
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Canola oil
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Vitamin C is excreted easily because it is ______. fat soluble metabolized mainly in the kidneys an antioxidant water soluble
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water soluble
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Some of the signs and symptoms to watch for in cancer development include uncommon fatigue, unusual bleeding, and ________. inability to find words or form sentences unexplained weight loss restlessness agitation
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unexplained weight loss
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True/False When a person's diet is deficient in vitamin A, mucus production by epithelial cells increases.
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False Without sufficient vitamin A in the diet, the epithelial cells fail to differentiate appropriately and lose their ability to produce mucus, which reduces a person's protective barriers against infection and irritants.
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Which meal is likely to exceed the Upper Level (UL) for vitamin A? Three-egg omelet with toast Liver and onions with a glass of wine Tuna salad sandwich with an apple and soda Grilled steak with spinach salad
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Liver and onions with a glass of wine
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Antioxidants work by ______ free radicals. destroying copying stabilizing reversing
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stabilizing
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Cancer progresses in ______ stages. three two six eight
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three
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Which nutrient is a cofactor in antioxidant enzyme systems? Selenium Vitamin E Superoxide dismutase Calcium
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Selenium
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Vitamin A is essential to _______. heart function prooxidation hearing sight
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sight
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Consumption of excessive vitamin A during pregnancy can result in _____. night blindness sterility birth defects cramps
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birth defects
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Antioxidant enzyme systems act by ______. -converting copper, zinc, and manganese into enzymes -activating phytochemicals -converting free radicals to less damaging substances -donating their electrons or hydrogen atoms to free radicals
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converting free radicals to less damaging substances
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Selenium is a trace mineral that appears to play a role in _____ function. immune brain digestive sexual
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immune
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Beta-carotene is a ________. neurotransmitter carotenoid cancer-causing agent mineral
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carotenoid
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The primary function of vitamin E is to be a(n) _______. free radical antioxidant vitamin that enhances vision supplement
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antioxidant
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One of the best things you can do to help prevent cancer is _________. get enough saturated fats into your diet not to worry too much about it not to smoke to maintain a high body mass index (BMI)
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not to smoke
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Most forms of cancer result in the formation of _________. delusions soft fingernails and toenails tumors blurry spots in front of the eyes
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tumors
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Infectious agents account for _____ of cancers worldwide. 33 percent 18 percent 70 percent 10 percent
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18 percent
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Oxidation is a chemical reaction that results in _____. loss of electrons gain of electrons stabilization of electron pairs synthesis of electrons
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loss of electrons
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The three major types of cancer treatment are radiation, chemotherapy, and ________. meditation psychotherapy rest/relaxation surgery
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surgery
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Who is at greatest risk for vitamin E deficiency? Pregnant women People with diabetes Vegetarians People with liver or gallbladder diseases
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People with liver or gallbladder diseases
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An example of an action that decreases cancer risk is _________. -avoid foods with phytoestrogens -eating a variety of brightly colored vegetables -drinking two to three alcoholic beverages per day -including heterocyclic amines in the diet
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eating a variety of brightly colored vegetables
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Vitamin C assists in ________. digestive metabolism free radical formation collagen synthesis heart capacity
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collagen synthesis
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The cancer-treatment method that uses electron beams, rays, and photons to kill cancer cells is called ____. mammogram chemotherapy surgery radiation
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radiation
