Exam 3, Chapter 9 – Flashcards

The purpose of therapeutic cloning is: A. to produce an individual to the donor of the nucleus B. to produce specialized tissue cells C. to stimulate cells that have been arrested in the S phase D. none of the above

Which is NOT correctly associated with cancer? A. Metastasis establishes new tumors distant from the site of the primary tumor. B. Cells have receptors to adhere to basement membranes, then secrete proteinase enzymes to invade underlying tissues. C. The disorganized mass of cells is encapsulated and does not invade adjacent tissue. D. Angiogenesis forms new blood vessels and brings nutrients and oxygen to the tumor.

Eukaryotic chromosomes A. consist of both DNA and protein. B. may occur as chromatin. C. contain histones responsible for packaging DNA to fit into a small space. D. All of the choices are correct.

What is the result of a cell not meeting the criteria to pass the G1 checkpoint? A. The cell cycle halts. B. The cell may enter the G0 stage. C. The cell may undergo apoptosis. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis and cytokinesis occurs? A. 48 chromosomes B. 24 chromosomes C. 96 chromosomes D. 12 chromosomes

What factors are evaluated before a cell is allowed to proceed through the G1 checkpoint? A. growth signals B. availability of nutrients C. the integrity of cellular DNA D. all of the above E. none of these

Apoptosis refers to cell death and A. is any failure of the genetic machinery to work properly. B. is a failure in the translation or transcription mechanism. C. is always biologically detrimental to an organism. D. can be programmed and is essential to normal development. E. is merely the accumulation of genetic errors.

What structure will code for the proteins that will promote the normal cell cycle and prevent apoptosis? A. Tumor suppressor genes B. Proto-oncogenes C. Oncogenes D. Caspases

Which of the following is NOT true about cancer cells? A. They exhibit contact inhibition. B. They never fully differentiate. C. They may undergo metastasis. D. They exhibit disorganized growth. E. They exhibit uncontrolled growth.

In some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This results in: A. cells with no nucleus B. uncontrolled cell division C. a multinucleated cell D. cell death E. cells arrested in the G0 phase

Which sequence of stages in mitosis is correct? A. prophase, anaphase, prometaphase, metaphase, telophase B. anaphase, prometaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase C. prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase D. prophase, telophase, anaphase, prometaphase, metaphase E. telophase, anaphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase

Cancer cells require many nutrients, which are supplied by blood vessels. The growth of new blood vessels to cancerous tissue is called: A. carcinogenesis B. metastasis C. apotosis D. angiogenesis

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from this process in animal cells because A. microtubules are laid down in a plywood-like cell plate pattern. B. the plant endoplasmic reticulum forms a cell plate. C. asters coalesce to form a fibrous plate that reinforces with cellulose. D. the inner plasma membrane divides by cytokinesis as in animal cells and then secretes a cellulose cell wall. E. the Golgi apparatus produces vesicles that migrate along microtubules and fuse to become a cell plate.

Below the skin are "stem cells" that divide, with some cells continuing the stem cell line and others being pushed toward the surface to flatten and die and be sloughed off. In the bone marrow other stem cells produce erythrocytes that lose their nucleus and function for a few months in the bloodstream before they too die. Such "dead end" cells that reproduce no further A. leave the cell cycle in a G3 phase, which immediately follows G2. B. reverse from G2 to G1. C. leave the cell cycle in a G0 phase, which immediately follows telophase. D. halt in the midst of the S phase. E. continually cycle but simply fail to go through cytokinesis.

Apoptosis A. is programmed cell death. B. is a process that acts to decrease the number of somatic cells. C. frees the fingers and toes of the human embryo from their 'webbed' structure to independent structures. D. All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following statements applies to mitosis but not to cytokinesis? incorrect it results in two daughter cells that are half the size of the original cell requires a large amount of ATP in order for the cellular mechanisms to function if it is disrupted it can lead to an abnormal cell it contains a checkpoint that will evaluate the quality of the cell

Generally, animals build an organism using the diploid number of chromosomes. However, insects in the order of ants, wasps and bees can use a haploid-diploid system where adults of one sex are formed with a haploid number of chromosomes. This would mean that A. a single set of chromosomes is sufficient to code for a functional individual. B. a female could determine the sex of the offspring by fertilizing or not fertilizing an egg. C. the males and females are not equally "related" to their mothers considering the proportion of genes held in common. D. All of the choices are true. E. this system in no way differs from regular diploid organisms.

Which statement below best describes the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis? A. mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that uses a cell plate to divide the cell membrane in plant cells while cytokinesis uses a contractile ring to divide the cell membrane in animal cells B. mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that uses a contractile ring to divide the nuclear material while cytokinesis uses the contractile ring to divide the cell membrane C. mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that divides the nuclear material while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm D. mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that divides the cytoplasm while cytokinesis divides the nuclear material

Virtually all specialized cells of multicellular organisms A. contain more genetic material than less specialized cells of the same organism. B. have the same amount of DNA and the same number of chromosomes as all other cells of the organism and develop from the same basic stem cells. C. contain less genetic material than less specialized cells of the same organism. D. develop through mutation from less specialized cells of the organism.

The region that contains the genetic information in a bacterial cell is called the A. nucleolus. B. nucleoid. C. nucleus. D. nucleoprotein. E. nucleosome.

Binary fission in bacteria differs from mitosis because A. the chromosome copies attach to the plasma membrane and are pulled apart by cell growth. B. the chromosome is a simple DNA strand without complex proteins and no spindle forms. C. there is no nuclear membrane to break down and rebuild. D. All of the choices are correct. E. None of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning mitosis? A. Both plant and animal cells undergo cytokinesis. B. Plant cells lack centrioles while animal cells do not. C. Animal cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis while plant cells do not. D. Mitosis allows growth and increase in size in both plants and animals.

The event that signals the start of anaphase is A. a cleavage furrow starts to form. B. migration of the centrioles to opposite poles of the nuclear space. C. asters disappear. D. division of the centromeres to separate sister chromatids.