abnormal psychology ch 7 – Flashcards
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parasuicides
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unsuccessful suicide attempts
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psychological dysfunctioning
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a breakdown of coping skills, emotional turmoil, a distorted view of life
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psychological dysfunctioning plays a role in
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parasuicides
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suicide
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an intentioned death—a self-inflicted death in which one makes an intentional, direct, and conscious effort to end one's life.
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subintentional death
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A death in which the victim plays an indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious role
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retrospective analysis
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A psychological autopsy in which clinicians and researchers piece together information about a person's suicide from the person's past
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Shneidman distinguished four kinds of people who intentionally end their lives:
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the death seeker, death initiator, death ignorer, and death darer.
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Death seekers
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clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide
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Death initiators
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clearly intend to end their lives, but they act out of a belief that the process of death is already under way and that they are simply hastening the process. Ex. elderly and very sick
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Death ignorers
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do not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence. They believe they are trading their present lives for a better or happier existence
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Death darers
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experience mixed feelings, or ambivalence, in their intent to die even at the moment of their attempt, and they show this ambivalence in the act itself
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non-suicidal self-injury
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intentionally injure themselves on five or more occasions over a one-year period—without the conscious intent of killing themselves. This pattern, particularly common among teenagers and young adults, may be on the increase
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self injury
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becomes addictive in nature. The pain brought on by self-injury seems to offer some relief from emotional suffering, the behavior serves as a distraction from problems, and the scars that result may serve as a statement of the individual's distress
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In what two ways are suicides studied?
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retrospective analysis and studying people who survive their suicide attempts.
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_______ and beliefs may help account for these national differences in suicide rates
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Religious affiliation
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Research is beginning to suggest that religious doctrine may not help prevent suicide as much as the degree of an individual's ______
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devoutness.
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______times as many women attempt suicide as men, yet men succeed at more than ____ times the rate of women
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Three ;four
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The overall suicide rate of white Americans is at least _______ as high as that of African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans
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twice
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the Common suicide triggering factors include __________________
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stressful events, mood and thought changes, alcohol and other drug use, mental disorders,and modeling.
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what are some examples of immediate stresses that can lead to suicide?
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loss of a loved one through death, divorce, or rejection ; loss of a job ; and hurricanes or other natural disasters,
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what are some examples of long term stresses that can lead to suicide?
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social isolation, serious illness, an abusive environment, and occupational stress.
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Researchers have found a heightened risk for suicidal behavior among those who feel little sense of ______ believe that they have limited or no social support, live alone, and have ongoing conflicts with other people
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"belongingness,"
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______individuals who die by suicide have been in poor physical health
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1/3
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Research has found particularly high suicide rates among _________________
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psychiatrists and psychologists, physicians, nurses, dentists, lawyers, police officers,
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Shneidman (2005, 2001) believed that the key to suicide is_______a feeling of psychological pain that seems intolerable to the person.
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"psychache,"
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psychache
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a feeling of psychological pain that seems intolerable to the person.
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A study of 88 patients found that those who scored higher on a measure called ____________ were indeed more likely than others to commit suicide
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the Psychological Pain Assessment Scale
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Suicide attempts may also be preceded by ________
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shifts in patterns of thinking
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hopelessness
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a pessimistic belief that their present circumstances, problems, or mood will not change.
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What do clinicians believe is the single most likely indicator of suicidal intent?
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hopelessness
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Many people who attempt suicide fall victim to ________
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dichotomous thinking
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dichotomous thinking
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•Viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms
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Shneidman said that the "four-letter word" in suicide is ______ as in "suicide was the only thing I could do"
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"only,"
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Studies indicate that as many as _____percent of the people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act
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70
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hat as many as 70 percent of all suicide victims had been experiencing_______
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severe depression
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20 percent of all suicide victims had been experiencing_______
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chronic alcoholism
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10 percent of all suicide victims had been experiencing_______
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schizophrenia
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_____of all suicides in the United States are committed with firearms
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58
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increases in the risk of suicide among the relatives and friends of people who recently committed suicide
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social contagion effect.
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Many _______ theorists believe that suicide results from depression and from anger at others that is redirected toward oneself (self hatred)
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psychodynamic
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In support of Freud's view, researchers have often found a relationship between _____and later suicidal behaviors
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childhood losses—real or symbolic
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A classic study of 200 family histories, for example, found that early _____ was much more common among suicide attempters (48 percent) than among nonsuicidal individuals (
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parental loss
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Freud proposed that human beings have a basic "death instinct" called____
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thanatos
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According to ______, the probability of suicide is determined by how attached a person is to such social groups as the family, religious institutions, and community.
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Durkheim
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Durkheim defined several categories of suicide, including _______
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egoistic, altruistic, and anomic suicide
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______ suicides are committed by people over whom society has little or no control.
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Egoistic
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Egoistic people
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not concerned with the norms or rules of society, nor are they integrated into the social fabric
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_____ suicides are committed by people who are so well integrated into the social structure that they intentionally sacrifice their lives for its well-being.
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Altruistic
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examples of Altruistic suidices
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Soldiers who threw themselves on top of a live grenade to save others, Japanese kamikaze pilots who crashed their planes into enemy ships during World War II
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______suicides,another category proposed by Durkheim, are those committed by people whose social environment fails to provide stable structures, such as family and religion, to support and give meaning to life
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anomic
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anomie means
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without law
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anomic suicides
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is the act of a person who has been let down by a disorganized, inadequate, often decaying society.
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Durkheim argued that when societies go through periods of anomie, their suicide rates ______
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increase
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examples of anomie
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economic depression, Periods of population change and increased immigration,
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For years biological researchers relied largely on_____________studies to support their position that biological factors contribute to suicidal behavior.
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family pedigree
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The activity level of the neurotransmitter ______ has often been found to be low in people who commit suicide
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serotonin
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How, then, might low serotonin activity increase the likelihood of suicidal behavior?
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One possibility is that it contributes to aggressive and impulsive behaviors
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Low serotonin impact
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It has been found that serotonin activity is lower in aggressive men than in non aggressive men and that serotonin activity is often low in those who commit such aggressive acts as arson and murder
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the likelihood of committing suicide increases with _____,
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age
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Clinicians have paid particular attention to self-destructive behavior in three age groups: _______
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children, adolescents,and the elderly.
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They argue that because a child's thinking is so limited, children who attempt suicide fall into Shneidman's category of_______
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"death ignorers,"
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Suicidal actions become much more common after the age of _____than at any earlier age
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14
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______ tend to react to events more sensitively, angrily, dramatically, and impulsively than individuals in other age groups; thus the likelihood of suicidal acts during times of stress is increased
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Adolescents
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Why is the rate of suicide attempts so high among teenagers (as well as among young adults)?
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societal factors
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The highest teenage suicide rate of all is displayed by American Indians. Currently, more than _____ of every 100,000 American Indian teenagers commit suicide each year,
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15
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it appears that certain American Indian reservations have extreme suicide rates—called________
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cluster suicides
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In _____society the elderly are more likely to commit suicide than people in most other age groups
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western
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_____persons are typically more determined than younger persons in their decision to die and give fewer warnings, so their success rate is much higher
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Elderly
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The likelihood of suicide varies with age. It is uncommon among ______
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children
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______ suicide has been linked to clinical depression, anger, impulsiveness, major stress, and adolescent life itself
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Adolescent
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Treatment of suicidal people falls into two major categories: _______
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treatment after suicide has been attempted and suicide prevention.
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research indicates that _______ therapy may be of most help for suicidal individuals
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cognitive-behavioral
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cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on?
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the painful thoughts, negative attitudes, sense of hopelessness, dichotomous thinking, poor coping skills, weak problem-solving abilities, and other cognitive and behavioral features that characterize suicidal persons.
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Suicide prevention programs
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A program that tries to identify people who are at risk of killing themselves and to offer them crisis intervention
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crisis intervention
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A treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis.
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When was suicide prevention founded in the US?
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in Los Angeles in 1955
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The first suicide prevention in England was called?
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Samaritans,was started in 1953
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_______,for example, is a nationwide, around-the-clock hot line available for LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning) teenagers who are thinking about suicide
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Trevor Lifeline
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The suicide prevention center has several task;
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ESTABLISHING A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP. UNDERSTANDING AND CLARIFYING THE PROBLEM. ASSESSING SUICIDE POTENTIAl. ASSESSING AND MOBILIZING THE CALLER'S RESOURCES. FORMULATING A PLAN.
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ASSESSING SUICIDE POTENTIAl consist of?
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determine the degree of stress the caller is under, relevant personality characteristics, how detailed the suicide plan is, the severity of symptoms, and the coping resources available to the caller
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Crisis workers at the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center fill out a questionnaire, often called a______,to estimate the caller's potential for suicide
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lethality scale
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no-suicide contractwith the caller—
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a promise not to attempt suicide, or at least a promise to reestablish contact if the caller again considers suicide
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Do suicide prevention centers reduce the number of suicides in a community?
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Clinical researchers do not know. Studies comparing local suicide rates before and after the establishment of community prevention centers have yielded different findings.
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Do suicidal people contact prevention centers?
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Apparently only a small percentage do. Moreover, the typical caller to an urban prevention center appears to be young, African American, and female, whereas the greatest number of suicides are committed by older white men
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suicide education programs
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Most of these programs take place in schools and concentrate on students and their teachers . There are also a growing number of sites online that provide education about suicide—targeting troubled persons, their family members, and friends.
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______include 24-hour-a-day hot lines and walk-in centers staffed largely by paraprofessionals who follow a crisis intervention model
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suicide prevention programs
