Module 5 Vocab – Flashcards
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macrophage
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a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium
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helper T cell
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interact with the antigen class II MHC complex presented by macrophages
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plasma cells
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B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin 2, produce and secrete antibodies
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the role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of ..., which plays a role in the ... immune response
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perforin, cell mediated
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clonal selection is the division of ... that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned...
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B cells, plasma cells and memory cells
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memory cells
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responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response
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which structure is not a component of the adaptive immune system? thymus spleen tissues lymphatic ducts
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tissues
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where were B cells originally isolated and what is their function?
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the bursa in chickens, produce antibodies
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where were T cells originally isolated and what is their function?
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the thymus in mice, killing host cells that are being infected with a virus
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which of the following statements about the clonal selection theory of immune system function is false? -a. antigens are recognized by receptor proteins inside the lymphocyte -b. an activated lymphocyte makes many copies of itself in response to an infection -c. cloned cells persist after the pathogen is eliminated -d. each lymphocyte recognizes one antigen
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a
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what is the final step in the cell mediated response to a viral infection?
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cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells
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how do cells involved in the humoral response respond to antigen presentation on the surface of a B cell?
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helper T cells recognize the receptor antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies
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what protein presents viral antigens on the outer surface of cells?
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MHC protein
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how are cytotoxic T lymphocytes produced?
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CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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what items are involved in the humoral response?
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antibodies, plasma cells, B cells
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what items are involved in the cell mediated response?
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cytotoxic T cells
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what items are involved in both humoral and cell mediated responses?
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helper T cells and cytokines, memory cells, antigen presenting cells
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action of cytotoxic T cells
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recognizes infected cell using TCR and CD8, releases perforin and granzymes, moves on to destroy another cell
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action of infected cell in the presence of cytotoxic T cells
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presents antigen on class I MHC, undergoes enzyme attack, undergoes apoptosis
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action of B cells
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antigen presenting cell presents antigen on class II MHC, helper T cell recognizes antigen using TCR and CD4, helper T cell activates, helper T cell binds to B cell and releases cytokines, B cell presents antigen on class II MHC molecule, B cell differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells, plasma cells secrete antibodies
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an epitope associates with which part of an antibody?
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variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined
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which of the following is not true about helped T cells? -a. they bear surface CD4 molecules -b. they function in cell mediated and humoral responses -c. when activated, they secrete cytokines -d. they are subject to infection by HIV -e. they recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules
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e
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what is a technical reason for why gene therapy is problematic?
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transferred genes may not have appropriately controlled activity
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what type of disorder is most difficult to correct be gene therapy?
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a dominant disorder
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single cells isolated from the leaf of a mature plant and grown in the laboratory can be induced to form an entirely new plant. This indicates that...
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adult plant cells can return to a meristematic state, the cells grown in culture can reprogram their gene expression to a totipotent state, leaf cells are genetically equivalent to the plant embryo
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what method was used to clone Dolly the sheep?
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a differentiated cell was fused to an egg from another breed of sheep
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in order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must...
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be cut by the same restriction enzyme
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what enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?
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DNA ligase
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genetic cloning
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a method to produce many copies of a gene
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what is the function of reverse transcription?
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makes complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA
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what is the last step when screening a cDNA library?
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match the region of radioactivity on the filter with the corresponding plate
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how can large quantities of protein be produced from a bacterial colony containing the gene of interest?
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put a cDNA encoding the protein into a plasmid with a bacterial promoter sequence
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where will a bacteria with no plasmid grow?
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a medium without ampicillin
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where will a bacteria with recombinant plasmid with vpg gene grow?
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with and without ampicillin
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where will a bacteria with a non recombinant plasmid grow?
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with and without ampicillin
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where will a bacteria with a recombinant plasmid but no vgp gene grow?
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with and without ampicillin
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which of the following would not be true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material? -a. it could be amplified by the polymerase chain reaction -b. it is produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase -c. it lacks the introns of the human genes -d. it could be used to create a complete genomic library -e. it could be used as a probe to detect genes expressed in the brain
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d
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the use of mRNA and reverse transcriptase in the expression of a cloned eukaryotic gene in a bacterial is part of a strategy to solve the problem of...
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post transcriptional processing
