9th Grade Earth Science SOL review – Flashcards
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What does Earth Science
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The study of Earth and its interrelated processes
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Oceanography
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The study of the process that form the oceans and maintain it's characteristics
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Meteorology
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The study of weather; its cause and effects
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Astronomy
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The study of the formation and componet of the universe
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Geology (Physical)
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the study of landforms and the process that change them
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Geology (Historical)
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The study of past events that shaped the land of Earth
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Hydro
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Water
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Geo
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Earth
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Atmo
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Gas
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Bio
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Life
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Observation
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The process of using one or more of the five senses to gather information about the world
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Inference
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an interpretation of an observation based on evidence and prior knowledge
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Hypothesis
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a prediction that can be tested using an experiment
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Indepentent Variable
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a variable that is changed to test the hypothesis
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Dependent Variable
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the variable that is measured, it depends on the indepentent variable
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Constants
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variables that are kept the same throughtout the experiment
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Control Group
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indepentent variable is omitted for this group
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Conclusion
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analyzed results are used to summerize if a hypothesis is supported or contridiction
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Maps
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Show physical features
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contour lines
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it connects points of equal elevation
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Equater
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an invisable line that goes around the center of the Earth
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Prime Meridian
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Another invisable line that goes from the north pole to the south pole
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LAttitude
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lines running parallel to the equater
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Longitude
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refers to distances in degrees east or west of the prime meridian
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Map Scale
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help you determain where you are and where your going
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Topographic Map
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Modells the changs in elevation of Earth's surface
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Map Projections
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When points and lines on a globe's surface are transferred onto paper
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Map Legend
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Explains what the symbols used on the map mean
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Topographic maps
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shows elevation and the shape of the land
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Index Contours
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Appear darker than the normal topographic map line
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contour interval
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the difference in elevation between two contour lines
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Meteor
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a meteroid that burns up in Earth's atmosphere
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Meteorite
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a meteroid that strikes the surface of the moon or planet
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Asteroid
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a piece of rock or metal made up of material similar to that of which formed the planets
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Comet
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Space object made of dust and rock particals mixed with frozen water, methane, and ammonia.
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Nebula
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a large cloud of gas and dust thst contracts under gravitational force and breaks into smaller pieces
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Galaxy
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large group of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity.
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Big Bang Theory
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States that about 13.7 billion years ago the universe began with a huge, fiery explosion
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Constellation
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A group of stars that fom a pattern in the sky that looks like a familiar object, animal, or character
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Absolute Magnitude
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measure of the amount of light a star actually gives off
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Apparent Magnitude
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measure of the amount of light a star that is recieved on Earth
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Rocket
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engine that can burn in space, propels spacecraft out of Earth's atmosphere
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Satellites
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any object that revolves around another
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Orbit
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a curved path around a star of planet.
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Space Probe
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an instrument carried into space, collects data, and sends it back to Earth.
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First Telescope
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What was developed by Galileo in the early 1600's
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Hubble space telescope
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What produces clar images of distant stars
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Pioneer 10
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1st probe to encounter outer space
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Voyager 1 & 2
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Explored Jupiter and Saturn; now exploring our solar system
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Galileo
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Explored Jupiter and its Moons
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Cassini
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What is Exploring Saturn
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Sputnik
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first satellite launched by the russians
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Milky Way
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What galaxy do we live in
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Light Years
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What measure is used to determain the distance between stars
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Color
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What allows us to determain the surface temperature of a star
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Mercury
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Closest to the sun, many creators; no atmosphere, Extreme Temperature
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Venus
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Earth's Twin- same size; THick atmosphere, toxic atmosphere
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Earth
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Habitable zone, water in three forms, 1 astronomical unit from the sun.
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Mars
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"Red Planet"- iron oxide largest volcan- olympics Mons.
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Jupiter
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largest planet, rotates fast, Great Red Spot- Huge Gas Storm
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Saturn
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Has Rings- gas ice, low desity
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Uranus
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Bluish Color, Rotates on its side
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Neptune
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Blue Color from methane
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Dwarf Planets
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Pluto, Ceres, Eris
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Astroid Belt
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Between Mars and Jupiter, divides the rocky inner planets anfd the gas outer planets
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Solar Eclipse
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When the moon is directly between the Earth and Sun
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Lunar Eclipse
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when the Earth's shadow blocks sunlight from the moon
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Tides
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Changes in water caused the the gravitational pull of the moon
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Troposphere
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This layer of the Earth's Atmosphere provides most of the weather. It contains 4/5 of Earth's air, but only extends 11 miles from Earth's surface
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Stratoshpere
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This layer of the Earth's Atmosphere extends to about 30 miles and includes the ozone layer
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Mesosphere
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In this layer, the air temperature drops again down to 180 degrees fahrenheit at te top. Meteors generally burn up in the mesosphere
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Thermosphere
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in this layer, it is 4530 degrees fahrenheit during the day, and is the second farthest from Earth's surface.
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Exosphere
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The upper most layer of Earth's atmosphere, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with inplanetary space.
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Lithosphere
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land
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Hydrosphere
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Water
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Atmosphere
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Air
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Biosphere
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Life
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Nitrogen
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The Earth's atmosphere is 78% what
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Oxygen
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The Earth's atmosphere is 21% what
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Carbon Dioxide
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The Earth's atmosphere is 1% what
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Mesopause
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Boundary between the mesosphere and thermosphere
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Stratopause
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Boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere
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Tropopause
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Boundary between the Troposphere and Stratosphere
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Convection
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The transfer of energy by the flow of the heated material
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Conduction
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The transfer of energy that occurs when molocules bump into eachother
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Radiation
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THe transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
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Weather
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Conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time
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Climate
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Average weather for a particular region over a relatively long period of time
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Jet Stream
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moves storms across the country from west to east
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Global Winds
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Prevailing winds that move heat and moisture Earth; Named for where they come from
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Sea Breeze
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Daytime; cool air over the water forces warmer air over land to rise
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Land Breeze
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Nighttime; cool air over the land forces up warmer air over the sea
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Mountain/Valley Breeze
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Air warms and rises out of valley (daytime), then cools and sinks into valley (nighttime)
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Temperature
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Measured in Celsius using a thermometer
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Percipitation
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Measured using a rain gauge
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Air Pressure
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Measured in millibars using a baronmeter
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Front
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Boundary between two air masses of Different Density, moisture or temperature
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Magma
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Formed by molten (melted) rock
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Igneous
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Formed when magma (or lava) cools and hardens (solidifies)
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Sedimentary Rock
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Formed when sediment undergoes compaction and cementation
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Metamorphic Rock
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Formed Formed any rock undergoes heat and pressure
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Sediment
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Formed when any rock undergoes weathering and erosion
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Mineral
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A naturally occuring, inorganic solid with a definite composition and struction
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Hardness, Breakage, Streak, Luster, and Color
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How are minerals identified?
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Magnetite
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Magnetic; contains element Iron
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Calcite
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Acidic; fizzes with HCL
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Halite
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Taste; Salty`
