question

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the:

answer

sensory receptors.

question

The study of perception is primarily concerned with how we:

answer

interpret sensory stimuli.

question

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates:

answer

top-down processing.

question

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.

answer

detection; interpretation

question

Wavelength is to ________ as ________ is to brightness.

answer

hue; intensity

question

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel consist of:

answer

nerve cells in the brain.

question

Feature detectors pass information to other cortical areas where complex patterns are processed by:

answer

supercell clusters.

question

The ability to simultaneously process the pitch, loudness, melody, and meaning of a song best illustrates:

answer

parallel processing.

question

En route to the visual cortex, neural impulses from the retina are first relayed to the:

answer

thalamus.

question

Opponent-process cells have been located in the:

answer

thalamus.

question

Most color-deficient people will probably:

answer

lack functioning red- or green-sensitive cones.

question

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to:

answer

green light are inhibited by exposure to red light.

question

The Young-Helmholtz theory proposes that:

answer

there are three different types of color-sensitive cones.

question

Sensory adaptation refers to:

answer

diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

question

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:

answer

Weber's law.

question

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates:

answer

sensory adaptation.

question

The receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the:

answer

rod.

question

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells:

answer

after it is processed by rods and cones and after it is processed by bipolar cells.

question

Of the four distinct skin senses, the only one that has definable receptors is:

answer

pressure.

question

The sense of touch includes the four basic sensations of:

answer

pressure, pain, warmth, and cold.

question

The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called:

answer

sensation.

question

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.

answer

detection; interpretation

question

Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.

answer

sensation; perception

question

Simultaneously analyzing distinct subunits of information received by different areas of the brain is known as:

answer

parallel processing.

question

Hubel and Wiesel discovered feature detectors in the visual:

answer

cortex.

question

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel respond to specific aspects of ________ stimulation.

answer

visual

question

I am a cell in the thalamus that is excited by red and inhibited by green. I am a(n):

answer

opponent-process cell.

question

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates:

answer

Weber's law.

question

The direct link between a single cone and a single ________ preserves the fine details in the cone's message.

answer

bipolar cell

question

Which of the following is true of cones?

answer

All of the alternatives are true.

question

Our experience of pain when we are injured depends on:

answer

our physiology, experiences and attention, and surrounding culture.

question

According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the:

answer

activation of specific nerve fibers in your spinal cord.

question

Complete sensation in the absence of complete perception is best illustrated by:

answer

prosopagnosia.

question

The phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed without:

answer

conscious awareness.

question

When looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells in the visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of:

answer

feature detection.

question

Which of the following is the most accurate description of how we process color?

answer

Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) a three-color system in the retina and (2) opponent-process cells en route to the visual cortex.

question

The fact that people who are colorblind to red and green may still see yellow is most easily explained by:

answer

the opponent-process theory.

question

The constant quivering movements of our eyes are necessary in order to:

answer

minimize sensory adaptation.

question

In shopping for a new stereo, you discover that you cannot differentiate between the sounds of models X and Y. The difference between X and Y is below your:

answer

difference threshold.

question

If you can just notice the difference between 10- and 11-pound weights, which of the following weights could you differentiate from a 100-pound weight?

answer

110-pound weight

question

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

answer

cones

question

In order to maximize your sensitivity to fine visual detail you should:

answer

stare directly at the object.

question

How does pain differ from other senses?

answer

All of the alternatives are true.

question

Which of the following best illustrates the impact of central nervous system activity in the absence of normal sensory input?

answer

tinnitus

question

________ processing refers to how our knowledge and expectations influence perception.

answer

Top-down

question

Experiencing sudden pain is to _______ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to ________.

answer

sensation; perception

question

Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to identify even her mother's face. Berdine most clearly suffers a deficiency in:

answer

bottom-up processing.

question

Ms. Shields, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book on the coffee table in front of her. Yet, when urged to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book cover. Her response best illustrates:

answer

blindsight

question

The human ability to speedily recognize familiar objects best illustrates the value of:

answer

parallel processing.

question

People who demonstrate blindsight have most likely suffered damage to their:

answer

visual cortex.

question

According to the opponent-process theory:

answer

neurons involved in color vision are stimulated by one color's wavelength and inhibited by another's.

question

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. With respect to tone sensitivity, Maria apparently has a ________ threshold than does Jennifer.

answer

larger difference

question

Damage to the fovea would probably have the least effect on visual sensitivity to ________ stimuli.

answer

dimly illuminated

question

The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the:

answer

retina.

question

The phantom limb sensation indicates that:

answer

pain involves the brain's interpretation of neural activity.

question

Of the four distinct skin senses, specialized receptor cells have been identified for the sense of:

answer

pressure.

question

Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

top-down processing.

question

Perception is the process by which:

answer

sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted.

question

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as the color ________ and the shortest visible waves as ________.

answer

red; blue-violet

question

The brain breaks vision into separate dimensions such as color, depth, movement, and form, and works on each aspect simultaneously. This is called:

answer

parallel processing.

question

According to the YoungHelmholtz theory, when both redsensitive and greensensitive cones are stimulated simultaneously, a person should see:

answer

yellow.

question

After staring at a very intense red stimulus for a few minutes, Carrie shifted her gaze to a beige wall and "saw" the color ________. Carrie's experience provides support for the ________ theory.

answer

green; opponent-process

question

When admiring the texture of a piece of fabric, Calvin usually runs his fingertips over the cloth's surface. He does this because:

answer

if the cloth were held motionless, sensory adaptation to its feel would quickly occur.

question

While competing in the Olympic trials, marathoner Kirsten O'Brien suffered a stress fracture in her left leg. That she did not experience significant pain until the race was over is probably attributable to the fact that during the race:

answer

the pain gate in her spinal cord was closed by information coming from her brain.

question

________ processing refers to how the physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation.

answer

Bottom-up

question

The process by which sensory information is converted into neural energy is:

answer

bottom-up processing.

question

The process by which sensory information is converted into neural energy is:

answer

transduction.

question

Holding two index fingers in front of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of:

answer

retinal disparity.

question

The ability to see objects in three dimensions is most essential for making judgments of:

answer

distance.

question

Relative height is a cue involving our perception of objects higher in our field of vision as:

answer

farther away.

question

An artist paints a tree orchard so that the parallel rows of trees converge at the top of the canvas. Which cue has the artist used to convey distance?

answer

linear perspective

question

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as:

answer

interposition

question

As her friend Milo walks toward her, Noriko perceives his size as remaining constant because his perceived distance ________ at the same time that her retinal image of him ________.

answer

decreases; increases

question

When the Moon is near the horizon, it appears larger than when it is high in the sky. This effect is primarily a result of:

answer

distance cues, which make the horizon Moon seem farther away.

question

Because she mistakenly thought she was much closer to the mountain than she actually was, Fiona perceived the mountain to be ________ than it actually was.

answer

smaller

question

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually:

answer

large when it is near the horizon.

question

Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias our perceptions of others' behaviors. This best illustrates the impact of:

answer

top-down processing.

question

After hearing rumors about the outbreak of an infectious disease, Alyosha began to perceive his normal aches and pains as diseaserelated symptoms. His reaction best illustrates the impact of:

answer

perceptual set.

question

Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times a week, she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

context effects.

question

Adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored:

answer

typically fail to recognize familiar objects.

question

Psychologists are skeptical about the existence of ESP because:

answer

many apparent demonstrations of ESP have been shown to be a staged illusion.

question

The greatest difficulty facing contemporary parapsychology is the:

answer

lack of a reproducible ESP phenomenon.

question

The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms exemplifies:

answer

kinesthesis.

question

The perception of the letter "t" as two intersecting lines rather than as four nonintersecting lines illustrates the principle of:

answer

continuity

question

Lenore had been blind from birth. Immediately after corrective eye surgery, she could visually perceive figure-ground relationships. This fact would serve to support the position advanced by:

answer

Kant

question

Research with distorting goggles best supports the view of human perception advanced by:

answer

Locke

question

Rebecca was born with cataracts that were not surgically removed until she was 3 years old. As a result, Rebecca is most likely to:

answer

have inadequate neural connections in her visual cortex.

question

The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as:

answer

retinal disparity.

question

How do we perceive a pole that partially covers a wall?

answer

as nearer

question

The monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as closer is:

answer

interposition.

question

Knowing about the effects of the perceived distance of objects on their perceived size helps us to understand:

answer

all of the alternatives.

question

If two objects cast retinal images of the same size, the object that appears to be closer is perceived as ________ the object that appears to be more distant.

answer

smaller than

question

After learning that her new college roommate had experienced several episodes of depression during her high school years, Erin incorrectly perceived her roommate's laughter as artificial and phony. This best illustrates the impact of:

answer

perceptual set.

question

Parapsychology refers to the:

answer

study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis.

question

Researchers who investigated telepathy found that when external distractions are reduced:

answer

over many studies, none of the alternatives occur.

question

The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to:

answer

the vestibular sense.

question

The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called:

answer

closure.

question

Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by:

answer

cultural experience.

question

Who emphasized that perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experience?

answer

Kant

question

The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants.

answer

depth perception

question

As the farmer looked across her field, the parallel rows of young corn plants appeared to converge in the distance. This provided her with a distance cue known as:

answer

linear perspective.

question

Distant trees were located closer to the top of the artist's canvas than were the nearby flowers. The artist was clearly using the distance cue known as:

answer

relative height.

question

Of two identical horizontal bars in the Ponzo illusion, the bar that is:

answer

higher in the visual field appears to be longer because it appears to be farther away.

question

Each time you see your car, it projects a different image on the retinas of your eyes, yet you do not perceive it as changing. This is because of:

answer

perceptual constancy.

question

The perceived size of an object is most strongly influenced by that object's perceived:

answer

distance

question

People perceive an adult-child pair as looking more alike when told they are parent and child. This best illustrates the impact of:

answer

perceptual set.

question

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of:

answer

perceptual set.

question

Psychics who have worked with police departments in an effort to solve difficult crimes have demonstrated the value of:

answer

none of the alternatives.

question

The existence of convincing scientific evidence that ESP is possible would pose the greatest challenge to the:

answer

contemporary scientific understanding of human nature.

question

What enables you to feel yourself wiggling your toes even with your eyes closed?

answer

sense of kinesthesis

question

The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called:

answer

closure.

question

The philosopher John Locke believed that people:

answer

learn to perceive the world through experience.

question

Infants who were exposed to the visual cliff

answer

refused to cross over the "deep" side to their mothers

question

The depth cue that occurs when we watch stable objects at different distances as we are moving is:

answer

relative motion.

question

Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as ________ due to the principle of ________.

answer

farther away; relative height

question

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates:

answer

perceptual constancy.

question

In the absence of perceptual constancy:

answer

objects would appear to change size as their distance from us changed.

question

When Rick learned that many students had received a failing grade on the midterm exam, he was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His experience best illustrates the importance of:

answer

context effects.

question

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of:

answer

perceptual adaptation.

question

Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a:

answer

perceptual set.

question

The tendency to hear the steady drip of a leaky sink faucet as if it were a repeating rhythm of two or more beats best illustrates:

answer

perceptual organization.

question

Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue?

answer

retinal disparity

question

Which of the following is a cue used by artists to convey depth on a flat canvas?

answer

interposition

question

As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the horse will appear to grow larger. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

size constancy

question

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field is called:

answer

perceptual adaptation.

question

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates:

answer

perceptual adaptation.

question

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of:

answer

precognition.

question

Although a few keys on the piano were broken, Shana couldn't prevent herself from mentally filling in the missing notes of the familiar melodies. This best illustrates the principle of:

answer

closure.

question

John Locke is to Immanuel Kant as ________ is to ________.

answer

nurture; nature

question

Brightness is to intensity as hue is to:

answer

wavelength

question

Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for:

answer

parallel processing.

question

In the opponent-process theory, the three pairs of processes are:

answer

red-green, blue-yellow, black-white

question

Weber's law states that:

answer

the jnd for any stimulus is a constant proportion.

question

The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the:

answer

spinal cord

question

The ability of newly hatched chicks to perceive depth best serves to support the views of:

answer

Kant

question

When two familiar objects of equal size cast unequal retinal images, the object that casts the smaller retinal image will be perceived as being:

answer

more distant than the other object.

question

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as:

answer

Interposition

question

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as:

answer

linear perspective.

question

As we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing. This is part of the phenomenon of:

answer

perceptual constancy.

question

The phenomenon of size constancy is based upon the close connection between an object's perceived ________ and its perceived ________.

answer

size; distance

question

Your friend tosses you a frisbee. You know that it is getting closer instead of larger because of:

answer

size constancy.

question

Experiments with distorted visual environments demonstrate that:

answer

humans adapt readily, while lower animals typically do not.

question

Although carpenter Smith perceived a briefly viewed object as a screwdriver, police officer Wesson perceived the same object as a knife. This illustrates that perception is guided by

answer

perceptual set.

question

The horizon Moon appears to shrink in size if it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates the perception of distance cues. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

context effects.

question

The predictions of leading psychics are:

answer

all of the alternatives.

question

Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the:

answer

muscles, tendons, and joints.

question

The principles of connectedness and closure best illustrate that:

answer

sensations are organized into meaningful patterns.

question

According to the philosopher ________, we learn to perceive the world.

answer

Locke

question

Which of the following influences perception?

answer

all of the alternatives

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