question

Which of the following is NOT a respiratory process performed by the respiratory system? pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases respiration

answer

TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES;

question

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

answer

cartilage rings

question

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

answer

alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

question

T OR F: The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing.

answer

FALSE

question

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

answer

the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

question

Ventilation is ________.

answer

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

question

This portion of the upper respiratory system serves only as an air passageway.

answer

nasopharynx

question

Speech occurs when air is moved through this passageway between the true vocal cords.

answer

glottis

question

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.

answer

Boyle's Law

question

The trachea divides into ________ bronchi that lead to the lungs.

answer

2

question

The lungs lie primarily ________ to the heart.

answer

lateral

question

What kind of epithelium lines the trachea?

answer

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

question

The primary bronchi enter the lungs at an area called the ________.

answer

hilum of the lung.

question

The right lung has superior, middle, and inferior lobes. Which lobe is missing on the left side?

answer

middle

question

What is the correct order of passageways, from proximal to distal?

answer

terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct

question

The portion of the serous membrane that covers and adheres to the lung is called the ________.

answer

visceral pleura

question

The functions of the nasal cavity include ________.

answer

warming, moistening, and filtering the air

question

The larynx ________.

answer

contains the apparatus for speech

question

The wall of the trachea is composed of several tissues. Which is unique to the trachea?

answer

cartilage rings

question

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea ________.

answer

produces mucus to trap dust particles, bacteria, and other debris; sweeps the mucus toward the throat, where it can be expelled or swallowed; and lines the airway that is held open by C-shaped cartilaginous rings

question

Which lobes of the lungs are found in the apex?

answer

superior

question

The medial surface of the left lung has a cavity that accommodates the contents of the mediastinum. It is called the ________.

answer

cardiac notch

question

A respiratory bronchiole can be distinguished from a terminal bronchiole by ________.

answer

the alveoli that first appear on the respiratory bronchioles

question

The respiratory membrane includes the ________.

answer

capillary and alveolar walls and their fused basal laminae

question

Select the pair below that is a correct match of the structure and zone.

answer

conducting zone; trachea

question

The inflated lungs of a fresh pluck ________.

answer

feel like a soft sponge

question

T OR F: The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

answer

TRUE

question

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

answer

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

question

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

answer

secrete surfactant

question

Select the correct statement about the pharynx

answer

The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.

question

The larynx contains ________.

answer

the thyroid cartilage

question

Which of the following is not found on the right lung?

answer

CARDIAC NOTCH; horizontal fissure; middle lobe; oblique fissure

question

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

answer

allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction; AIDS IN BLOOD FLOW TO AND FROM THE HEART BECAUSE THE HEART SITS BETWEEN THE LUNG; helps limit the spread of local infections; helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers

question

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

answer

alveoli

question

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.

answer

cleansing the air; AS THE INITIATOR OF THE COUGH REFLEX; warming and humidifying the air; as a passageway for air movement

question

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.

answer

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

question

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

answer

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

question

Type II alveolar cells secrete ________.

answer

surfactant

question

The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the ________.

answer

epiglottis

question

The archway in the back of the throat is called the ________.

answer

fauces

question

The trachea is lined with ________ epithelium.

answer

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

question

Terminal bronchioles are lined with ________ epithelium.

answer

cuboidal

question

Which of the following represents all of the processes involved in respiration in the correct order?

answer

Pulmonary ventilation; External respiration; Transport of respiratory gases; Internal respiration

question

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal conchae and mucosa? a. Filter the air entering the nasal cavity; b. Extract heat and moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity; C. Destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx D. Heat and moisten the air entering the nasal cavity

answer

DESTROY PATHOGENS ENTERING THE NASOPHARYNX;

question

Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"?

answer

pharynx

question

Which of the following are the two main functions of the larynx.

answer

To provide a patent airway; to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels.

question

The _________________ is also known as the "guardian of the airways".

answer

epiglottis

question

The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye are the _____________, which appear to be connected by black carbon in smokers.

answer

lobules

question

Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the ____________, and the ____________ provide oxygenated systemic blood to lung tissue.

answer

pulmonary arteries; bronchial arteries

question

________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

answer

Transpulmonary pressure

question

Quiet inspiration is ____________, and quiet expiration is ______________.

answer

active process; passive process

question

Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system?

answer

pulmonary ventilation; external respiration

question

Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange?

answer

alveoli

question

Jane had been suffering through a severe cold and was complaining of a frontal headache and a dull, aching pain at the side of her face. What regions are likely to become sites of secondary infection following nasal infection?

answer

the paranasal sinusus

question

While dining out in a restaurant, a man suddenly chokes on a piece of meat. The waitress is also a student nurse and comes to the man's aid. She asks him if he can talk. The man responds by shaking his head no and grabbing at his neck. What is the significance of the man's inability to talk?

answer

As the man is unable to speak, this indicates that he is choking on a piece of food that suddenly closed off the glottis in the larynx.

question

During inhalation,

answer

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

question

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

answer

alveoli

question

Which statement is correct?

answer

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

question

After blood becomes oxygenated,

answer

it returns to the heart and is then pumped to the body cells.

question

Hemoglobin

answer

is a protein that can bind 4 molecules of oxygen.

question

PATH OF AIR

answer

1.Air enters through the nose or mouth 2.Air travels down the trachea and then enters the bronchi 3.Air travels down smaller and smaller bronchioles 4.Air reaches small sacs called alveoli

question

OXYGEN TRANSPORT

answer

1.Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries 2.Oxygen enters a RBC 3.Oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin 4.Oxygen is carried through blood vessels to a capillary 5.Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues

question

KEY EVENTS IN GAS EXCHANGE

answer

1.Breathing moves air in and out of lungs 2.Oxygen diffuses from alveoli in the lungs into capillaries 3. Oxygen enters RBCs, where it binds to protein hemoglobin 4.Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood 5.Carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale

question

CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT

answer

1.Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondria 2.Carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary 3.Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs 4.Carbon dioxide diffuses into an alveolus 5.Air exits through nose or mouth

question

T OR F: Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

answer

TRUE

question

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

answer

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

question

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

answer

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

question

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

answer

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

question

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

answer

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

question

Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli?

answer

Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli; Proportionally, smooth muscle increases uniformly; RESISTANCE TO AIR FLOW INCREASES DUE TO THE INCREASE IN CROSS-SECTIONAL DIAMETER; Cartilage gradually decreases and disappears at the bronchioles

question

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

answer

alveolar surface tension

question

Tidal volume is air ________.

answer

exchanged during normal breathing

question

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

answer

vidal capacity

question

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

answer

inspiratory reserve

question

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

answer

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

question

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

answer

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

question

Which of the following is not possible?

answer

Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance; The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli; Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow; PRESSURE GRADIENT EQUALS GAS FLOW OVER RESISTANCE

question

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

answer

As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

question

Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin?

answer

Anemic Hypoxia

question

Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?

answer

dissolved in plasma

question

What is the driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?

answer

volume changes of the thoracic cavity

question

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?

answer

airway resistance; alveolar surface tension; PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN IN THE AIR; lung compliance

question

What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?

answer

vital capacity

question

Timothy has been having difficulty breathing since he had pneumonia last month. Recently he had severe pain in his chest and back, and his breathing was extremely irregular. The doctor at the emergency room told him that one of the lobes of his lung had collapsed. How could this happen?

answer

Timothy suffered atelectasis, most likely caused by the bronchiole becoming plugged following the pneumonia, then collapsing due to the alveoli absorbing all of the air.

question

While having a physical examination, a young male informed his doctor that at age 8 he had lobar pneumonia and pleurisy in his left lung. The physician decided to measure his VC. How would the doctor measure the VC?

answer

using a spirometer

question

T OR F: Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

answer

TRUE

question

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

answer

Dalton's Law

question

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

answer

.5-1 micrometer thick

question

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

answer

BLOOD PH ADJUSTMANT; external respiration; internal respiration; pulmonary ventilation

question

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

answer

partial pressure gradient

question

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

answer

diffusion

question

________ law is called the law of partial pressure.

answer

Dalton's

question

________ law would apply to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a Pepsi.

answer

Henry's

question

Which of the following is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

answer

rising co2 levels

question

T OR F: The structures within the respiratory system's conducting zone include the trachea and the paranasal sinuses.

answer

TRUE

question

What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

answer

Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries

question

After a long scuba diving session on a Caribbean reef, Carl boards a plane to Dallas. He begins to feel pain in his elbow on the flight back to Dallas. What is happening to him and why?

answer

Carl is experiencing the bends because a lot of gas was forced into his bloodstream during the dive, and there was not sufficient time to decompress before he boarded the plane; as the plane is not pressurized to sea level, this reduced the pressure holding the gases in suspension

question

T OR F: Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect).

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

answer

FALSE

question

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

answer

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

question

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

answer

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

question

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

answer

too little oxygen in the atmosphere

question

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

answer

Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH; CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood; MORE CO2 DISSOLVES IN THE BLOOD PLASMA THAN IS CARRIED IN THE RBCS; Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation

question

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

answer

as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

question

Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

answer

as bicarbonate ion in plasma; 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma; ATTACHED TO THE HEME PART OF HEMOGLOBIN; 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin

question

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

answer

partial pressure of oxygen; partial pressure of carbon dioxide; NUMBER OF RBCS; temperature

question

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

answer

A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

question

Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?

answer

temperature; carbon dioxide; BPG; NITRIC OXIDE

question

Oxygen unloading in a RBC due to declining pH is called the ________.

answer

Bohr effect

question

T OR F: The alveoli are also known as alveolar sacs.

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?

answer

partial pressure of oxygen

question

What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood?

answer

as a bicarbonate ion in plasma

question

__________ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the __________.

answer

CO2; alveoli

question

Which gas law explains why there is as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2 exchanged, despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2?

answer

Henry's Law

question

How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle?

answer

The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.

question

Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?

answer

O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.

question

Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?

answer

rate of blood flow through the tissue; partial pressure of the gases; THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF THE GAS; available surface area

question

T OR F: The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: Apneustic breathing is characterized by prolonged inspirations.

answer

TRUE

question

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

answer

increase in CO2

question

Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration.

answer

the ventral respiratory group

question

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

answer

arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg; arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention; RISING BLOOD PRESSURE; rising carbon dioxide levels

question

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

answer

medulla; pons

question

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

answer

voluntary corticol control

question

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

answer

diver holds his breath upon ascent

question

Which center is located in the pons?

answer

pontine respirator group (PRG)

question

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.

answer

The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.

question

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

answer

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

question

The ________ regulates smoothing of transitions from inspiration to expiration.

answer

pontine respiratory group (PRG)

question

T OR F: Dalton's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.

answer

FALSE

question

What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body?

answer

medullary respiratory centers

question

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?

answer

blood carbon dioxide level

question

How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood?

answer

respiratory rate will increase

question

Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?

answer

psychological stimuli; simultaneous cortical motor activation of the skeletal muscles and respiratory center; DECREASE IN LACTIC ACID LEVELS; proprioceptors

question

T OR F: In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

answer

small cell carcinoma; KAPOSI'S SARCOMA squamous cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma

question

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

answer

emphysema

question

T OR F: Emphysema is distinguished by permanent shrinkage of the alveoli.

answer

FALSE

question

T OR F: Although lung cancer is difficult to cure, it is highly preventable.

answer

TRUE

question

A smoker sees his doctor because he has a persistent cough and is short of breath after very little exertion. What diagnosis will the doctor make, and what can the person expect in the short term if he does not quit smoking?

answer

The person is suffering from chronic bronchitis, which causes the dyspnea and coughing. If he does not stop smoking, he can expect frequent pulmonary infections, more coughing, progressively worse dyspnea.

question

A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO2 was 55 and PCO2 was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Why did the patient stop breathing?

answer

Oxygen dilates pulmonary arterioles, increasing perfusion and worsening an already poor ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In addition, oxygen drives more CO2 off of hemoglobin, dumping it into alveoli from which it cannot be removed.

question

Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment?

answer

Due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better.

question

John has undergone surgery and has developed pneumonia. He also has a history of emphysema. Which assessment parameters would the nurse expect to find?

answer

Dyspnea, hypoxemia, use of accessory muscles to assist breathing, productive cough, and "crackle" sounds during breathing

question

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

answer

Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing; The chest wall becomes more rigid with age; RESPIRATORY RATE IS LOWEST IN NEWBORN INFANTS; During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid.

question

Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?

answer

respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta

question

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________.

answer

28 weeks

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?

answer

The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.

question

________ is the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States.

answer

Cystic Fibrosis

3.1 Respiratory System, Lecture Questions – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards