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Aqueduct

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These were used by the Roman Empire to supply its urban citizens with fresh water from far-off places

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Attila

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He was the leader of the Huns, an empire that was responsible for many invasions of the Roman Empire.

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Augustus Caesar

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He was adopted by his great uncle, Julius Caesar, and in 43 BCE joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate.

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Barbarian

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Savage or uncivilized; Germanic warrior tribes who invaded the Roman Empire, beginning in the late AD 300s.

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Christianity

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This is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

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Cicero

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He was a Roman statesman an orator, whose excellence in speaking and writing influenced people from Petrarch (1300s) to people in the world today.

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Constantine

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He was Roman Emperor from 306-337 CE, becoming the first Emperor to convert to Christianity.

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Diocletian

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He was the Roman Emperor (285-305CE) who attempted to save the empire by dividing it into eastern and western halves.

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Eastern Roman Empire

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This empire began when Constantine shifted the Roman capital to Constantinople, and endured for many centuries after the Roman lands in western Europe were overrun by barbarians. It finally fell when Constantinople was taken by the Turks in 1453.

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First Triumvirate

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This was the political alliance of Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey, towards the end of the Roman Republic.

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Hadrian

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This Roman Emperor (117-138 CE) is now widely known for the construction of a wall in northern England that marked the northern-most boundary of the Roman Empire.

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Hadrian's Wall

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This defensive fortification was built by the Roman Empire in the 100s CE in what is now northern England.

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Hannibal

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This military commander led the forces of Carthage against the Roman Republic in the Punic Wars.

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Huns

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A nomadic group that invaded the Roman empire from the grasslands of central Asia. The chief leader was Attila.

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Jesus Christ

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Christian faithful consider this person to be not only the Son of God but the spiritual savior of humanity.

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Judaism

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This is the oldest, monotheistic religion and is based on the Hebrew Bible

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Julian

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This is the name for the calendar was introduced by a Roman emperor in 45 BCE, consisting of 12 months, 365 days, and a "leap year" every four years.

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Julius Caesar

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He was a Roman general and political leader, known for his campaigns in Britain and Gaul. During the turbulent times at the end of the Roman Republic he formed a governing triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey.

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Patricians

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These were the elite citizens of Ancient Rome who held most of the political power there.

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Pax Romana

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This phrase refers to the period of Roman history, from the reign of the emperor Augustus to that of Marcus Aurelius, during which the entire realm was in a state of peace and prosperity.

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Plebeians

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These were citizens of Ancient Rome who lacked significant political power in the early days, but won equal legal rights in the 200s BCE.

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Punic Wars

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This was a series of three conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage (264 - 146 BCE), with Roman proving victorious.

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Roman Empire

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This term refers to the last of the three broad phases of Roman history, the first two being the Kingdom and the Republic. It is usually dated from 27 BC, when Augustus Caesar became the first emperor.

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Roman Republic

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This term refers to the period of Roman history between the expulsion of the Kings (the Monarchy) and the accession of the first Emperor, Augustus (the Empire). It lasted from 510 BC to 27 BC.

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Rome

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This city has been the capital of an ancient Republic and Empire, and is now the capital of a country located on the Mediterranean Sea.

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Romulus and Remus

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Legend has it that these orphaned twin brothers were nursed by a wolf, and later went on to found the city of Rome.

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Saul

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He was the first king of a unified Israel (1050-1010 BCE).

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Spartacus

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He was a slave, gladiator, and the leader of a major slave rebellion against the Roman Republic in the 70s BCE.

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Tiber

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This river is found in the central area of the Italian Peninsula and runs directly through Rome.

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Western Roman Empire

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This political unit was created by Emperor Diocletian in 285 CE in an attempt to save the empire as a whole.

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Buddism

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Their followers of this philosophy study the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.

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Caste System

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This is another name for a social class hierarchy.

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Dynasty

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This is a ruling family whose members govern one after another over a long period of time.

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Hinduism

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This religion originated in India and was closely tied to the Indian Caste System.

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Indian Ocean

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This body of water is named for the subcontinent that lies on the continent to the north.

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Monsoon

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This is a seasonal wind that are accompanied by strong rainfall.

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Africa

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This continent is the second-largest. It is widely regarded as the birthplace of man because the oldest human bones on record have been found there.

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Ali

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He was the son-in-law of the Prophet Mohammad, and Shia Muslims believe him to be Islam's legitimate successor to Mohammad.

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Aztecs

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They were a Mesoamerican Indian culture that was devastated by Cortez and the Spanish in the 1520s.

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Buddha

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This is the name of the individual who is considered "the Enlightened One" by those who practice Buddhism.

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Caliphate

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This is the name given to the type of Islamic government in Medieval history.

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Eightfold Path

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These are the principle teachings of the Buddha, saying, among other things, that people should practice Right Speech, Right Action, Right Effort, and other essentials to achieve enlightenment.

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Four Noble Truths

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These are the foundational principles of Buddhism, in which it is acknowledged that, among other things, there will always be suffering, which is caused from human desires.

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Ghana Empire

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This African empire was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali, and Eastern Senegal. It endured from the 8th to the 11th Centuries and was made wealthy by the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt.

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Gunpowder

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The Chinese invented this product in approximately the early 11th century and used it for bombs, weapons, and decorative occasions.

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Hajj

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This is the name of the religious pilgrimage to Mecca all Muslims must make at least one in their lifetime.

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Han

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This Chinese dynasty ruled from the 200s BCE to the 200s CE, implementing a civil service system during their rule

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Incas

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They were a South American Indian culture that was devastated by Pizarro and the Spanish in the 1530s.

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Islam

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This is a monotheistic religion that originated from the teachings of the prophet Muhammad.

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Machu Picchu

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This is the name of the Incan site located in modern-day Peru that was likely home to royalty in the years prior to Spanish conquest.

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Mansa Musa

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He was the tenth leader of the Mali Empire, most noted for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 and is support of scholarship in his kingdom.

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Mayan

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This was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed in the Classical Period, controlling most of the region before the Aztecs rose to power.

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54. Mecca

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This city was key in Arabian trade routes and was where Muhammad centered the Islamic faith.

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56. Mohammad

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This individual founded Islam in the 600s CE

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Muslim

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This refers to a person who follows the teaching of the Prophet Muhammad and the Holy Quran.

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Olmec

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This pre-Colombian civilization inhabited central Mexico from roughly 1400 BCE to 400 BCE and is now remembered for both their colossal carved stone heads and for rapid and mysterious decline.

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Quipu

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This refers to the system of communication used by the Inca which consisted of knots tied in string.

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Ramadan

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This is the Muslim month-long holiday that is one of the "Five Pillars of Islam."

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Shia

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This is the second largest denomination of Islam, after Sunni Islam. Though a minority in the Muslim world, this group constitutes the absolute majority of the populations in Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain and Iraq, as well as a plurality in Lebanon.

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Sundiata

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He was the founder of the Mali Empire in the 13th century and the subject of a famous "Epic" biography.

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Sunni

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This is largest denomination of Islam, embracing up to 90% of the world's Muslims. It considers itself to be the "orthodox" form of Islam.

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Tenochtitlan

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This was the capital city of the Aztec Empire.

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Timbuktu

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This was the main city and trading center of the Mali Empire.

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Trans Saharan

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This popular and rich trade route connected the northwest coast of Africa and Egypt, crossing the vast desert in the north of the continent.

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Black Death

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This is another name for the pandemic that swept through much of Europe and Asia in the 14th Century.

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Bubonic Plague

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This deadly disease is thought to have begun in Central Asia or India, and it spread to Europe during the 1340s. It is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population, and it may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400.

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Catholic Church

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This is the world's largest Christian denomination, embracing over half of the world's Christians and one-sixth of the world's population. It is led by the Pope.

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Charlemagne

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He was King of the Franks from 768 to his death and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III, on 25 December 800, as a rival to the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. This was the beginning of what become knowns as the Holy Roman Empire.

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Crusades

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These were a series of religious wars between Christian Europe and Muslim Middle East in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.

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Feudal Society

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This term describes the political and economic relationships which governed the lives of nobles, knights, and serfs during much of the Medieval period in European history- and in Japanese, history, too. Under this system, lesser nobles called "vassals" held land called "fiefs" at the pleasure of the more powerful lords, to whom they owed allegiance and military service.

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Holy Roman Empire

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This is the name of the empire that ruled much of central Europe during the Middle Ages.

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Manor

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This is the name given to the organization of agriculture and economic production in Medieval Europe.

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Middle Ages

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This term describes the period in European history from the end of the Roman Empire in the West to the end of the Byzantine Empire in the East.

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Pandemic

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This term relates to a widespread outbreak of a disease over a large period of time for a prolonged period.

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Peasant

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In feudal times, this would refer to a free agricultural worker who worked land owned by a noble.

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Serf

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This is the name given to a type of agricultural worker in pre-industrial history who was obligated to work a specific piece of land for the land owner.

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Vassal

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In feudal times, this would refer to a nobleman who pledged loyalty directly to a monarch in return for control of land and the wealth that came from that land.

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Vikings

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This term refers to a member of the Norse or Scandinavian peoples, known as explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates. They raided and colonized wide areas of Europe, including Britain, France, and Italy, from the late 8th to the early 11th Century.

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55. Medina or Yathrib

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This city was the key in Arabian trade routes and was a destination of Muhammad's flight or Hijra when persecuted in Mecca

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