12.2 The Harding Presidency ; 12.3 The Business of America – Flashcards
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Warren G. Harding
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1920 Republican nominee for presidency; pleasant man of little ability; will Calvin Coolidge, swept into office in a landslide victory; wanted to return the US to "normalcy"
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"normalcy"
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what Harding and Coolidge pledged to return the US to; simpler days before the Progressive Era and the Great War
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Washington Naval Conference - 1921
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President Harding invited several major powers to this because of problems after WWI; Russia was excluded because of its Communist government; Charles Evans Hughes urged that no more warships be built for ten years and the US, GB, France, Japan, and Italy scrap their largest warships
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Charles Evans Hughes
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US Secretary of State that urged that no more warships be built for ten years; suggested the five major powers (US, GB, France, Italy, and Japan) scrap their largest warships; first time nations agreed to reduce their weapons
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Kellogg-Briand Pact - 1928
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in 1928, virtually all the world powers signed this; each nation renounced war; pact was futile since it had no enforcement provisions
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Fordney-McCumber Tariff - 1922
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US wanted GB and France to pay war debts, but had enacted this tariff that made it impossible for them to sell their goods to the US (up to 60%)
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Charles G. Dawes
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American banker that arranged the Dawes Plan; helped Germany to pay back reparations to GB and France, who then paid back the US
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Dawes Plan
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series of US loans to Germany that it used to make repartions payments to France and Britain, who then could pay its debts to the US
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Ohio Gang
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the president's poker-playing cronies; created embarrassment for President Harding because they engaged in bribery and corruption
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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the biggest scandal involving the Ohio Gang; involved Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall arranging for oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to transferred from the control of the navy to his own department; he then secretly leased the land to two oil companies and received money and property as kickbacks
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Albert B. Fall
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Secretary of the Interior who was involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal; part of the Ohio Gang
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Henry Sinclair
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owner of the Mammoth Oil Company who secretly leased land from Albert Fall in the Teapot Dome Scandal
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Mammoth Oil Company
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run by Albert Fall; oil company that was involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal
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Calvin Coolidge
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became president after Harding died of an apparent heart attack or stroke; a respected man of integrity; helped restore people's faith in their government and in the Republican Party
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Model T
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1927 motor vehicle produced by Henry Ford; only came in black; sold at $290
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Model A
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motor vehicle produced by Henry Ford; came in "Arabian Sand" and "Niagra Blue"; sold at $495
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Calvin Coolidge
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President who favored government policies that would keep taxes down and business profits up; pro-business spirit; "the chief business of the American people is business... The man who builds a factory builds a temple-the man who works there worships there."
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Herbert Hoover
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Republican President following Coolidge who favored government policies that would keep taxes down and business profits up, and give businesses more available credit in order to expand; "keep government interference to a minimum and allow private enterprise to flourish"
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Route 66
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a cross country highway from Chicago to California that changed the American landscape with gasoline stations, repair shops, public garages, motels, tourist camps, and shopping centers
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Holland Tunnel
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the first underwater tunnel designed for motor vehicles; opened in 1927 to connect New York City to Jersey City
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urban sprawl
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as women and young people became more independent through increased mobility and workers could live miles from their jobs, this resulted in this as cities spread in all directions
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status symbol
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a possession believed to enhance the owner's social standing; people began to see their cars as this
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Charles Lindbergh
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man that made transatlantic flights that helped promote cargo and commercial airlines; national hero
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Amelia Earhart
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woman who made transatlantic flights that helped promote cargo and commercial airlines; national hero
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Pan American Airways
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this was the first passenger air service introduced in 1927
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# standard of living
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a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone; Americans enjoyed a higher quality of this as the additional wealth
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# modern advertising
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business began adopting these to bring in more business; now businesses consulted psychologists to learn how to create ads to sell an image of an ideal life or to prey on consumer's fears; brand names became well known, as did chain stores
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Woolworth's
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a chain store like J C Penny; sprang up across the nation to sell products at discount rates due to buying power of large purchases
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installment payments
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"buy now, pay later"; credit; led to people becoming in debt
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paradox
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a situation having seemingly contradictory qualities; the Coolidge era was built on this because the president stood for economy (low cost) and a frugal (thrifty) way of life, but he was favored by a public who had thrown all care to the wind
