question

Since Pathogenic Parasites rely on their hosts for survival, the population dynamics of the parasite are influenced by the population dynamics of the hosts. The host population will likely contain which of the following?

answer

a. individuals who are susceptible
b. individuals who are infected
c. individuals who have been infected but have never recovered
*d. all of the above

question

While an {_______} lives mainly on the surface of its host, an {________} lives mainly in the body of its host.

answer

ectoparasite, endoparasite

question

What constitutes an epidemic?

answer

a. 25 outbreaks
b. 50 outbreaks
c. 1 outbreak
d. 10 outbreaks
*e. all of the above

question

Elevated levels of which immune cells indicate a worm infection?

answer

a. basophils
b. eosinophils

question

A disease involving a parasite that has accidentally infected a human; the normal host for the parasite is an animal.

answer

*a. zoonosis

question

Hemoflagellates are transmitted by which organisms?

answer

*B) Insects

question

The family Trypanosomatidae, contain two genera that parasitize humans, which are Genus Leishmania and Genus Trypanosoma.

answer

True

question

Which is not a form of transformation that is undergone by Leishmania?

answer

*B. Use of amino acids as a nitrogen source

question

Leishmania parasites enter cells by {__________}.

answer

phagocytosis

question

Of the three developmental stages in ticks, which stage is the most significant in human infection?

answer

*b. nymph

question

Which one of these is NOT a natural host resistance to Plasmodium infections?

answer

*e. Fructose-6-phosphate deficiency

question

The cysts of Balantidium coli have cilia.

answer

True

question

Giardia lambilia replicates via a process called longitudinal binary fission.

answer

True

question

Vector(s) of Chagas disease include which of the following. (HINT: Recognize the difference between a vector and the actual parasite which causes the disease)

answer

b. Triatoma infestans
c. Rhodnius prolixus
*d. B and C

question

In Kinetoplastids RNA editing is the process of postranscriptional sequence alteration via {_______} or {_____} of uridylate residues at specific sites of Mitochondrial RNA.

answer

Insertion / Deletion

question

Acute Chagas disease is mostly found in:

answer

*a. children under 10

question

What is the main downfall to using a blood smear to diagnose a T.cruzi infection?

answer

*b. Can only find parasites in blood during acute phases of disease

question

Trypanosoma cruzi is found only in

answer

*b. the Americas

question

Which of the following is true of Trypanosoma cruzi?

answer

*d. The vector is the Reduviid bug

question

The West Nile Virus only infects the human species.

answer

False

question

[_____] is the vector responsible for "sleeping sickness."

answer

*b. Tsetse fly

question

Mucosal Leishmaniasis are primary lesions of the mucous memebranes such as the nose and oral cavity

answer

False

question

All of the following are differences between slender and stumpy trypomastigotes, except

answer

*d. cytoskeleton composition

question

T. cruzi is the causative agent of {______} disease

answer

Chagas / Trypanosomiasis

question

T. cruzi parasites are ONLY found in the Americas--if a person is infected with them, they can't have acquired it from any other place in the world.

answer

True

question

In the fourth morphological form among hemoflagellates, many types of polymorphism are exhibited. These are

answer

a. long, slender trypomastigote
b. stumpy trypomastigote
*d. a & b

question

In Plasmodium, the asexual phase [_____], occurs in the human, whereas the sexual phase [______], occurs in the mosquito

answer

*b. schizogony;gamogony

question

Which of the following parasitic stages is characterized by asexual division?

answer

*d. Schizont

question

Which alteration of the vagina will help treat T. vaginalis?

answer

*a. Lowering the pH to 4.5

question

The metronidazole drug used to treat T. vaginalis forms an intermediate that is toxic, damaging DNA and other macromolecules.

answer

True

question

How would one describe the parasites of T. vaginalis when observed in a wet mount?

answer

*d. Very active

question

What structure in Trichomonas resemble the mitochondria?

answer

*c. Hydrogenosome

question

How does T. vaginalis change the pH of the vagina?

answer

*b. It makes it more alkaline

question

Infection of T. vaginalis in women is seen less if:

answer

*b. They use oral contraceptives

question

Men are assymptomatic carriers of Trichomonas vaginalis.

answer

True

question

The trophozoites of Trichomonas species are very active and motile.

answer

True

question

Dientamoeba fragilis is not invasive.

answer

True

question

Giardia produces an IgA [____]

answer

*b. Protease

question

Giardia lamblia infection is commonly seen in:

answer

a. Children 6-10 years of age
b. Daycare centers
c. Homosexual males
d. Wilderness campers
*e. All of the above

question

What gives the feces of individuals infected with Giardia lamblia its distinctive smell?

answer

*c. The layer of fat present

question

If you let feces of an individual with Giardia lamblia settle, a layer of fat will become apparent.

answer

True

question

Maturing cysts in Giardia lamblia gain:

answer

*b. two more nuclei

question

Cysts are the site of nuclear division in Giardia lamblia.

answer

True

question

The entire life span of the four species of Plasmodium that infect humans is spent in two hosts: the female mosquito insect vector and a human host.

answer

True

question

This complex of organelles are found in the sporozoite and merozoite stages of the life cycles of these organisms

answer

*b. apical complex

question

Babesiosis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis and cyclosporidiosis belong to the phylum Apicomplexa.

answer

True

question

The "eyes" in Giardia lamblia are its [_____].

answer

*a. Nuclei

question

A fool-proof way to detect infection by an amoeba is through the discovery of cysts in feces.

answer

False

question

[______] results in intermittend watery diarrhea with stools containing mucus and blood.

answer

*c. Balantidial dysentery

question

Which of the following are human reservoirs of Balantidium coli?

answer

a. Pigs
c. Monkeys
*e. A and C

question

The cysts of Balantidium coli have cilia.

answer

True

question

Balantidium coli undergoes sexual reproduction by [______]

answer

Conjugation

question

Balantidium coli undergoes sexual reproduction by [_____]

answer

Conjugation

question

[_____] is associated with contamination of contact lens fluid.

answer

*a. Acanthamoeba keratitis

question

Naegleria fowleri produce sucker-like appendages or [_____] that 'nibble' away at the tissue culture cells.

answer

*a. amebostomes

question

High prevalence of antibodies to Naegleria is found in [_____]

answer

*a. young adults in southeastern USA

question

Both trophozoites and cysts are found in Acanthamoeba species.

answer

True

question

Both trophozoites and cysts are found in Naegleria fowleri.

answer

False

question

Free-living amoebas are intestinal blood parasites.

answer

False

question

The American form of trypanosomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma vivax.

answer

False

question

Fluctuations in the number of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is widely attributed to its ability to vary the chemical composition of its [_____]

answer

*a. variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs)

question

The infective morophological form of the protozoan Trypanosoma in humans is the______.

answer

*b. metacyclic trypomastigote

question

In humans, the initial sign of cutaneous leishmaniasis infection is______.

answer

*c. vascularized papule

question

When the identification of intracellular amastigotes from blood and tissue smears are inconclusive, xenodiagnosis can be used but is often time consuming.

answer

True

question

In a leishmaniasis infection, replacement of infected cells produces hyperplasia and consequent enlargement of visceral organs associated with the system, such as the [______] and [______]

answer

*a. spleen and liver

question

Which of the following are the three clinical manifestations of Leishmania in humans?

answer

*b. visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous

question

The causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis, also known as dumdum fever, or kala-azar, is:

answer

*c. Leishmania donovani

question

Leishmaniasis is considered an opportunistic infection and is grouped among those diseases that take advantage of immunocompromised individuals.

answer

True

question

Each of the following statements concerning Trichomonas vaginalis is correct except:

answer

*d. T. vaginalis causes dysentry

question

In RNA editing in kinetoplastids,what does TUTase stand for?

answer

*b. 3'terminal uridylyl transferase

question

Visceral Leishmaniasis mainly infects the elderly people of Europe.

answer

False

question

What is the correct taxonomy of the parasite T. cruzi from phylum to genus?

answer

*b. Sarcomastigophora, Mastigophora, Kinestoplastida, Trypanosomatidae, Trypanosoma

question

What organelle in the cytoplasm of Protozoa is used mainly for osmoregulation?

answer

*b. Contractile Vacuole

question

What is the main function of IgE?

answer

*b. triggering histamine release from mast cells

question

All of the following are characteristics of hemoflagellates except:

answer

*c. numerous mitochondria

question

The most important question to ask during the differential diagnosis of an infection from T. brucei is:

answer

*b. Has the patient been to east or west Africa

question

The vector for T. brucei brucei, T. brucei gambiense, and T. brucei rhodesiense is:

answer

*c. tsetse fly

question

What do xenodiagnosis studies show?

answer

*a. There is communication between parasites and vectors that recruit parasites to feeding vectors

question

The cell-funeral hypothesis explains how:

answer

*d. T. cruzi infection results in host T cells killing other host cells

question

One of the most significant presentations of Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi, is:

answer

*a. heart complications

question

T.cruzi demonstrates intracellular pathogenesis through lysosome-mediated entry of an infected cell.

answer

True

question

Hemoflagellates have cyst forms.

answer

False

question

How do the trypomastigote, epimastigote, promastigote, and amastigote forms differ regarding the overall morphology of the hemoflagellates?

answer

*c. location of kinetoplast relative to nucleus and the single flagellum

question

Along with a kinetoplast, hemoflagellates also have:

answer

*c. glycosomes

question

What is the difference between the Stercoraria and Salivaria subgenuses of the genus Trypanosoma of the Hemoflagellates?

answer

*a. location of where the parasite develops in the vector

question

The tissue inflammatory response during amoebiasis is initiated and fueled by a combination of human and amoebic factors and ultimately leads to basophil-mediated intestinal destruction.

answer

False

question

Which is true about free living amoeba Naegleira fowleri:

answer

*a. There is no cyst stage in humans

question

Metronidazole is effective against:

answer

a. worms
b. anaerobes
c. Giardia
*d. all of the above

question

You're attempting to identify a sample of unknown bacteria. You've been told it belongs to the genus Entamoeba, but you still need to determine the species. Looking under a microscope, you see jagged chromosomal bars and nuclei predominately located around the outside. Based on this information, what is this bacteria?

answer

*c. E. coli

question

In regards to Plasmodium falciparum, once the parasite gets into red blood cells and is dividing, what is the duration of the fever free period?

answer

*c. 36-72 hours

question

Which of the following is pathogenic under the Sub-order Tubulina?

answer

*b. Entamoeba

question

Metronidazole is a typical drug used to treat visceral protozoa.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is a mode of transmission for amoeba?

answer

a. water
b. food-borne
*d. a and b

question

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) due to Naegleria fowleri, if diagnosed in time, can be treated with the following:

answer

*c. intravenous and intrathecal amphotericin B and miconazole, plus rifampin

question

An effective way to reduce specific visceral protozoal infection such as E. hystolytica and G. lamblia is to:

answer

*b. Boil drinking water, add 1.25-3 grams of iodine per liter of water in endemic areas

question

Which of the following is not a symptom of Intestinal Disease (Amebic Colitis)?

answer

*d. weight gain

question

Ciliates are found in which Phylum?

answer

*a. Ciliophora

question

Ciliates have which kinds of vacuoles?

answer

a. contractile
c. food
*d. a and c

question

Naegleria fowleri "nibble" away at cells by means of sucker-like appendages called {________}

answer

amebostomes

question

Cysts can be killed by:

answer

*b. boiling

question

Ionophore-like proteins called {_______} mediate cytolytic and apoptotic effects among epithelial cells and neutrophils.

answer

amoebapores

question

Amoeba-induced inflammations in the intestine leads to {_______}-mediated intestinal destruction.

answer

neutrophil

question

Immobile parasites can invade the intestine.

answer

False

question

Amebic Liver abscess, induced by Trophozoites, is:

answer

*c. destruction of liver cells

question

The mucosa of the intestines gets thinner with Amebic Colitis.

answer

False

question

Hallmarks of intestinal disease (amebic colitis) include:

answer

a. flask shaped lesions
b. diarrhea, dysentery, GI pain
*d. a and b

question

Pentatrichomonas hominis

answer

a. have 5 free flagellar
b. reside in the large intestine
c. are thought to be associated with bowel disease
*d. all of the above

question

Trichomonas tenax have 4 free flagellar

answer

True

question

Backpacker's disease is the popular name of the infection caused by:

answer

*b. Giardia

question

Giardia lambia divides by binary fission in the {_________} direction.

answer

longitudinal

question

Amoebaphore A in Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites cause liver abscesses whereas amoebaphores B and C are the causative agents of amoebic colitis.

answer

True

question

All of the following are nonpathogenic flagellates except:

answer

*b. Trichomonas vaginalis

question

Giardia has no mitochondria but can use oxygen when available.

answer

True

question

Amoebaphore A in Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites cause liver abscesses whereas amoebaphores B and C are the causative agents of amoebic colitis.

answer

True

question

In which morphological form of Entamoeba histolytica is the organism considered pathogenic?

answer

*a. Trophozoite

question

What are the end products in the metabolization of lactate in Trichomonads?

answer

a. Formate
b. Acetate
*d. a and b

question

The carrier state of amoebiasis is known as:

answer

*d. Luminal amoebiasis

question

Species in the genus of Trichomonas do not have cysts.

answer

True

question

Which of the following species causes malabsorption of fats, fat soluble substances and Vitamin B12?

answer

*a. Giardia

question

Which of the following statements is false?

answer

*d. Tsetse flies lay their eggs in the shallow water, making it easy to find and eliminate their eggs.

question

Which type of cyst from some amoebae parasites, found in humans and domestic animals, contains chromatoidal bars?

answer

*d. E. coli

question

Many protozoa form cysts which are round cytoplasmic masses surrounded by a rigid or semi-rigid cyst wall secreted by an organism. Which of the following is not true of cysts?

answer

*b. The cyst form of an organism is not the infective form of a parasite.

question

Biopsy specimens were taken from patients infected with just Naegleria and patients infected with just Acanthamoeba. What is the difference observed between the two different biopsy specimens?

answer

*d. Both cysts and trophozoites are found in the specimen from patient infected with Acanthamoeba, only trophozoites are found in the specimen from the patient infected with Naegleria, however.

question

Which of the following is false about primary amebic meningoencephalitis?

answer

*b. Cysts found in CSF and high neutrophil count.

question

Which of the following speicies are free living amoebae?

answer

*a. Naegleria fowleri and Hartmanella

question

Which of the following is false about Entamoeba gingivalis?

answer

*a. The mature cyst has the size of 15 um.

question

The mature cyst of Entamoeba histolytica usually has 8 nuclei.

answer

False

question

Which of the following species belong to suborder Tubulina?

answer

*c. Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba gingivalis, Iodamoeba buctschlii

question

Which of the following species has the biggest size in suborder Tubulina?

answer

*b. Entamoeba gingivalis

question

Species in sub-phylum Mastigophora use pseudopodia for locomotion.

answer

False

question

Species in sub-phylum Sarcodina use flagella for locomotion.

answer

False

question

Genitourinary amebiasis is one of the extraintestinal diseases caused by trophozoite- induced cell destruction.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is extraintestinal diseases caused by trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica?

answer

a. Amebic liver abscess
b. Pulmonary Amebiasis
c. Brain abscess.
*d. All of the above

question

The two main functions of Entamoeba histolytica’s mediators of pathogenesis are:

answer

a. Attachment to host’s epithelia cells in the large intestine, and protection against binding of antibody and attachment
b. Attachment to host’s epithelia cells in the large intestine, and protection against phagocytosis by neutrophils.
c. Attachment to host’s epithelia cells in the large intestine, and protection against phagocytosis by macrophages.
*d. None of the above.

question

Which of the following is true about Entamoeba histolytica?

answer

a. It belongs in the class Lobosea
b. It has mitosomes.
*d. a and b are correct

question

Non-pathogenic amoeba usually have ________ in their trophozoites.

answer

*b. Bacteria

question

Which of the following endoparasites is parasite of digestive tract?

answer

a. Giardia lambia
b. Entamoeba histolytica
c. Balantidium coli
*d. All of the above

question

Intestinal and Urogential Flagellates are members of the phylum:

answer

*e. Sarcomastigophora

question

Giardia requires _______ cysts to establish infection.

answer

*b. 10-100

question

{_________} is the fatty and smelly stool often associated with Giardia.

answer

Steatorrhea

question

The incubation period of Giardia is {________}.

answer

1-2 weeks

question

Which of the following is a similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotesI. Both share an identical genetic language.
II. Both share a common set of membrane-bound organelles. III. Both have plasma membrane of similar construction.
IV. Both share common metabolic pathways.

answer

*c. I , III and IV

question

What are some of the symptoms associated with Amebic Colitis?

answer

a. Gastro-intestinal pain
b. Diarrhea
c. Weight loss
*d. All of the above

question

About how much of the world’s population is infected with E. histolytica?

answer

*b. 10%

question

What is a main characteristic of Entamoeba coli?

answer

*a. has 8 nuclei

question

What is a unique feature of Entamoeba histolytica?

answer

*d. Has central nucleolus

question

Endodyogeny is a form of endopolyogeny where what is formed?

answer

*b. Two daughter cells

question

Many protozoa form cysts.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is considered to be the world's most prevalent intestinal parasite?

answer

*d. Giardia

question

One way to distinguish between Entomoeba histolytica and Entomoeba coli is by the number of nuclei, the chromatoidal bars, and the size of the cysts.

answer

True

question

Which genus is pathogenic out of the suborder Tubulina?

answer

*c. Entamoeba

question

What is commonly found inside pathogenic amoebas?

answer

*c. Erythrocytes

question

{__________} attracts phagocytes to a pathogen.

answer

Opsonization

question

Early and late endosomes are distinguished on the basis of what? (Select all that apply)

answer

*a. Buoyant density
*c. pH
*d. protein composition

question

Which of the following is NOT a host type?

answer

*a. Obligate Host

question

Which of the following supports the immature (not fully developed) form of a parasite?

answer

*c. Intermediate host

question

This cell allows macrophages to engulf foreign particles in the host. {__________}

answer

Cytoskeleton

question

Which is true of the genus Trichomonas?

answer

a. they have free flagella
b. no cyst form
c. anatomically site specific
*d. these are all true

question

A few components of the innate immune system are macrophages, the lining of internal tracts, secretions, soluble blood proteins, and the skin.

answer

True

question

Metronidazole is a drug used to treat facultative aerobes such as Giardia and Entamoeba histolytica.

answer

False

question

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

answer

*b. Cyst is the main form of transmission

question

Which of the following processes can be further studied to develop anti-protozoan drugs?

answer

*d. The signaling pathway involves that leads to the biosynthesis of cyst wall components.

question

What of the following statements is true about protozoa?

answer

*a. Have encystation that protect it against unfavorable environmental conditions.

question

Schizogony is a type of protozoa’s sexual reproduction, and sygany is a type of asexual reproduction.

answer

False

question

Entamoeba histolytica and Escherichia coli can both have a maximum of 4 nuclei in its cyst form.

answer

False

question

In an archeological dig, you find and unknown organism. You dissect the flagellum and find that the microtubules are arranged in a 9+2 structure. Based on this structure you can conclude that this organism...

answer

*b. is a eukaryote

question

Which of the following is not a mediator of the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica?

answer

*d. hard external shell not sensitive to bodily changes

question

A patient with Amebiasis complains of gastro-intestinal pain and diarrhea. A stool sample taken from this patient will most likely contain...

answer

*c. Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites

question

Sasha was diagnosed HIV positive 5 years ago. Upon her recent trip to Cabo San Luca, Mexico she returned with diarrhea, nausea and vomiting and dehydration. She also felt muscle cramps and weakness. Her physician prescribed her medication for Cholera, but the symptoms remained. What parasitic infection best described Sasha’s symptomatology?

answer

*b. C. parvum

question

As a general rule among flagellates the principle means of locomotion is flagellar, where as among amoeba it is pseudopodial.

answer

True

question

Humans are the definitive host for round worms because humans harbor the reproducing adult roundworms. Depending on the species, the adult female nematode produces either fertilized eggs or Larvae. Which route is incorrect?

answer

a. Eggs maybe immediately infective by being ingested
b. Eggs or larvae may require a period of external development to reach the infective stage
c. An insect may transmit eggs or larvae to a new host
*d. None of the above

question

What distinguishes a pathogenic amoeba from a nonpathogenic is the ability to transform from the cyst form to the trophozoite form:

answer

False

question

Which of the following is NOT true of Balantidium?

answer

*d. It is among the smallest members of Protozoa

question

Which of the following parasites causes African sleeping sickness?

answer

*b. Trypanosoma brucei

question

During pairing of homologous chromosomes,crossover of chromosomes may result in the formation of recombinant.

answer

*C. Chromosomes

question

Naegleria is commonly found in fresh water lakes in ponds in Florida and the southern U.S.

answer

True

question

In ciliates, the numerous basal bodies are interconnected by a series of subpellicular [_______] or neurofibrils.

answer

*b. microfilaments

question

Which of the following endoparasites is parasite of digestive tract?

answer

a. Giardia lamblia
b. Entamoeba histolytica
c. Balantidium coli
*d. All of the above

question

Which type of pseudopodia is the most common form among parasitic amoebae?

answer

*b. Lobopodia

question

[________] 1. Crescent shaped membrane

answer

Pelta

question

[________] 2. Rodlike structure that runs along the base of the undulating membrane

answer

Costa

question

[________] 3. Supporting structure embedded along the longitudinal axis on the cytoplasm

answer

Axostyle

question

Which of the following processes does not involve sexual reproduction?

answer

*c. Schizogony

question

Endodyogeny is a specialized sexual reproduction involving nuclear exchange and union after cells join.

answer

False

question

Which of the following are true about cysts:
I) They are the infective or transmissible form of parasite.
II) They protect against unfavorable external environmental conditions.
III) They are the site for morphogenesis and nuclear division.

answer

*d. I, II, and III

question

Which enzymes are located within dynein arms of an axoneme?

answer

*a. ATPases

question

Which of the following protozoans are particularly notorious for causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?

answer

*b. Naegleria fowleri

question

Why is the fatality rate for those infected with Naegleria fowleri so high?

answer

a. Death occurs only a few days after symptoms surface
b. Most diagnoses are made post mortem
c. Treatment options are few and provide limited effectiveness
*d. All of the above

question

During asexual reproduction in Protozoa, the process of fission takes place in which sequence?

answer

*c. organelles, nucleus, cytoplasm

question

Members of the sub-phylum Sarcodina have which characteristic?

answer

*d. usage of pseudopods for locomotion

question

Members of the phylum Sarcomastigophora have:

answer

*c. Flagella and/or Pseudopodia

question

If you encounter an organism that has a macronucleus and a micronucleus, you can tell that you are NOT dealing with a ciliate.

answer

False

question

Well-defined nuclei bounded by nuclear envelopes are characteristic of ALL protozoa.

answer

True

question

How are microtubules within axoneme of motile flagella/cilia organized?

answer

*d. 9+2

question

Balantidium coli is in Phylum {_______}

answer

Ciliophora

question

What is the size of Protozoa?

answer

*b. 1-150 micrometers

question

What is the purpose of encystation?

answer

a. protection against unfavorable external environmental conditions
b. nuclear division
c. parasite transmission
*d. all of the above

question

Organisms in Protozoa are:

answer

*c. single-celled, eukaryotic

question

Protozoa can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

answer

True

question

Native cells first encounter which of the following cell receptors:

answer

b. IgM
c. IgD
*d. both b and c

question

There are five different classes of antibodies distinguished by heavy chains called Isotypes. Which class is associated with hypersensitivity?

answer

*c. IgE

question

Antigen-presenting cells that activate helper T cells must express which of the following on their surfaces?

answer

*C. Class II MHC antigens

question

What is the portion of antigen that is bound by a given antibody or recognized by T cell defined as?

answer

*b. Antigenic determinant

question

Which Immunoglobulin comprises as much as 80% of all antibodies in the blood?

answer

*a. IgG

question

Globular proteins are produced by which immune cell type?

answer

*b. B Cells

question

Where do T-Cells mature?

answer

*b. Thymus

question

During primary and secondary immune responses, the antibody or antibodies involved is/are:

answer

a. IgM
b. IgA
c. IgG
*d. Two of the above

question

The response of IgG during a first exposure is exactly the same as it is during a second exposure.

answer

False

question

The innate immune response is specific to a microbe.

answer

False

question

All the following are true of the adaptive immune response except?

answer

*b. The magnitude of the response decreases with every encounter

question

Which of the following are associated with MHC class II?

answer

a. binding of peptides from molecules that are internalized by cell
b. CD4+ T cells

question

The HIV virus targets which type of cell as a receptor?

answer

*b. CD4 T-cells

question

A deficiency in this immunoglobulin isotype, the major isotype found in the intestinal tract, can lead to higher susceptibility to Giardia infection. Which isotype is it?

answer

*a. IgA

question

Which of the following is a similarity between phagocytosis and endocytosis?

answer

*c. They are both part of the immune system.

question

According to the clonal selection theory, B cells become committed to antibody formation..

answer

*b. In the absence of the antigen

question

Antibodies are specific to their native conformations.

answer

True

question

Immunological memory provides long-term immunity.

answer

True

question

T cells bind to antigens in their native conformations.

answer

False

question

Which Immunoglobulin can form a pentamer?

answer

*c. IgM

question

Each antibody has how many equivalent binding sites?

answer

*b. Two

question

Regarding adaptive immune response, what increases with each encounter?

answer

*E. Magnitude of response and Affinity only

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding B cells?

answer

*d. B cells commitment to antibody specificity occurs after exposure to the antigen

question

What is the most prevalent immunoglobulin isotype found in serum (blood)?

answer

*a. IgG

question

High levels of eosinophils are often indicative of worms.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Adaptive Immune Response?

answer

*c. It is not specific to microbe

question

Most immune cells originate from stem cells found in bone marrow.

answer

True

question

Which of the following cytokines is INCORRECTLY paired with its function?

answer

*b. IL 10; stimulates B-cell differentiation

question

In a humoral reaction, specialized molecules in the circulatory system interact with the parasite, forming immune complexes.

answer

True

question

Insecticides are the most ecological way to control intermediate hosts.

answer

False

question

Except certain viral infections, parasitic diseases are more difficult to control than other infectous diseases.

answer

True

question

Parasites reproduce fast with a large number of progeny.

answer

False

question

Caterpillars are invading a small garden. Certain plants in the garden set off a pheromone. Wasp migrate and kill the caterpillars. What type of interaction is this?

answer

*b. Tritrophic interaction

question

A hosts spleen and red blood cells have become enlarged because of a parasite. What type of effect does this parasite have on the host?

answer

*d. Hypertrophy

question

Constant cell damage, which causes death of cells or tissues, is an example of:

answer

*c. Necrosis

question

Each time our bodies encounter an antigen, there is refinement of the immune response so that next time, our bodies are better at recognizing the invading entity. This is an example of which of the following?

answer

*a. increasing affinity within the adaptive immune response

question

Th1 cells characteristically secrete interleukin 2, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

answer

True

question

T-cells are activated by which of the following?

answer

*b. clonal selection

question

The components of innate immunity in eukaryotic cells include:

answer

a. secretions
b. linings of internal tracts
c. Phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils. and natural killer cells.
*d. all of the above

question

Which of the following is NOT true of antibodies?

answer

*c. Antibodies are produced by both B cells and T cells.

question

T cells...

answer

*d. Are unique in that they can only recognize antigens presented to them by another cell (usually a macrophage).

question

Component proteins are part of cellular innate immunity.

answer

False

question

What type of immune cells derived from myeloid progenitor cells is specialized for parasitic infection?

answer

*d. Eosinophil

question

One important group of opsonin molecules is complement protein.

answer

True

question

The main difference between B cells and T cells mentioned in lecture is that:

answer

*c. Only B cells secrete their immunoglobulin receptors as plasma antibodies.

question

Which of the following is not a type of membrane protein?

answer

*b. cytoskeletal proteins

question

The main difference between phagocytosis and endocytosis is:

answer

*d. the participation of actin in phagocytosis

question

Intermediate filaments is composed of:

answer

*b. alpha keratins

question

A cell can respond to a signal by:

answer

a. activating enzyme activity
b. changing its cytoskeleton

question

The inner and outer leaflets of the plasma membrane bilayer feature identical lipid profiles.

answer

False

question

What are blood-borne factors that can coat particles to be ingested?

answer

*c. Opsonins

question

Drugs that limit or restrict worm mobility in the gastrointestinal tract MOST LIKELY involve which of the following cell feature that helps increase the effectiveness of the treatment?

answer

*b. the worm's cytoskeleton

question

Lipid-soluble molecules, such as alcohols, cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.

answer

False

question

[___________] proteins are covalently linked to membrane via a lipid molecule.

answer

Lipid anchored

question

Which of the following describes the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

answer

*b. phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

question

Which is NOT a part of the eukaryotic cell nucleus?

answer

*a. Ribosomes

question

Which of the following is true about phagocytosis (e.g., the endocytic pathway of parasites)?

answer

*b. Phagocytosis is dependent on microfilaments.

question

Which of the following is incorrect?

answer

a. Being diploid allows the parasites to combine its chromosome and generates diversity.
b. The advantage of being diploid is different from the advantage of sexual reproduction in parasites.
*c. All parasites known are diploid.
d. DNA is packaged into chromosomes

question

Which of the following is not involved in motility of the cell?

answer

*c. keratin

question

Which of the following is false regarding commensal microbes?

answer

a. Antigenic and can elicit antibody responses
b. Synthesize metabolites that are essential nutrients for the host
c. Acquired by infection
*d. All of the above are true

question

Which characteristic is not true of the plasma membrane?

answer

*b. It ensures compartmentalization within the cell.

question

What parasite can survive the harsh conditions of lysosomes fusing to the phagosome in which it is contained and prevent the host from killing it?

answer

*c. Leishmania

question

What are the classes of phagocytic receptors?

answer

*b. opsonin-dependent and non-opsonin dependent

question

What are the classes of endosomes?

answer

*a. early and late

question

Phagocytosis is the process by which:

answer

*c. specialized cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells) internalize particulate material greater than 0.5um in diameter.

question

All of the following are classifications of membrane proteins in a eukaryotic cell EXCEPT:

answer

*c. phagocytic

question

The [________] is the site where synthesized proteins and other materials are sorted, modified and from where they are transported to specific cellular destinations.

answer

Golgi Apparatus

question

Which of the following membrane proteins include receptors?

answer

a. Integral Proteins
c. Lipid Anchored Proteins

question

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

answer

a. Provide movement of cilia and flagella
b. Transport materials and organelles within the cell

question

MHC class I and class II are present in all cells, making them antigen presenting cells.

answer

False

question

The host-pathogen interaction always results in disease.

answer

False

question

[________] Circular RNA with no protein coat

answer

Viroid

question

[________] Virus injects genetic information into host cell DNA and becomes a provirus

answer

Lysogenic Infection

question

[________] Virus hijacks host cell machinery to replicate itself; kills host cell

answer

Lytic infection

question

[________] Is not a living cell

answer

Virus

question

Which of the following proteins span the membrane?

answer

*b. integral proteins

question

The endoplasmic reticulum performs the following function(s)?

answer

a. Protein synthesis
b. Lipid synthesis

question

Some cyanobacteria as well as plants are capable of performing photosynthesis.

answer

True

question

The following can be found in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes except?

answer

*c. Nucleus

question

What is the significance of membranes to host-parasite relations?

answer

*a. The parasite has to avoid activating the host via membrane proteins

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