WST 313 – Woman’s Sexuality Quiz Answers (ASU ONLINE) – Flashcards
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Drive-reduction theories of sexuality and the belief that adolescents are generally deficient in self-control and responsibility influence perspectives on adolescent sexuality that are narrowly focused on its risks and problems.
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True
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_________________ is a perspective that focuses on the various scripts / messages we receive that provide positive reinforcements for accommodation / compliance and negative consequences for transgression. This perspective also holds that personal identities, self-esteem, and social status depend upon meeting the expectations of others.
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Gender socialization
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In the social sciences, scholars tend to acknowledge that while gender-based differences do exist, those differences are socially prescribed, and that these differences literally become ______________, or inscribed upon the body, changing the ways that one's own body, and all other bodies, are experienced and thought of in everyday life.
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Embodied
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All of the following are examples of potential socializing agents, EXCEPT:
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Genes
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At some point, many children being to internalize gender policing, becoming involved in __________________ as a way to avoid being ostracized, targeted, or simply found "wanting."
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Self-policing
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The mothers sampled in the survey in "Normalizing Heterosexuality" are found to say little to their children about sexuality, but often discuss romantic love, monogamy, and marriage.
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True
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When they speak of "queering" sexuality, queer theorists are talking about everyone recognizing a gay or lesbian identity as a more evolved form of sexuality.
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False
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____________ demonstrated through laboratory research that the clitoris is the seat of all female orgasm, and that sexual problems were generally NOT caused by neurosis or disorders, but instead resulted from poor communication and/or conflict.
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Masters and Johnson
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Children do not internalize adult taboos about children's sexuality. Rather than reinscribing these rules for themselves, they allow themselves complete freedom in terms of their sexual imagination.
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False
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How do mothers "teach" their children heteronormativity when discussing "falling in love" with their children?
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By discussing falling in love in exclusively heterosexual terms
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What are the implications of mothers not discussing gays and lesbians with their children?
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WRONG ANSWER: - Children are less likely to grow up to be homosexual
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Which of the following can NOT be characterized as a "normative and regulatory discourse of adolescent female sexuality" ?
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Deconstructing the objectification of girls' bodies
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Which of the following statements demonstrates the interconnectedness of gender and heterosexuality?
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All of the above
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Feminists who take a political stance regarding female sexual pleasure argue that widespread focus on vaginal-penile pleasure in our society (i.e. the "g" spot) is reflective of a broader ideology which frames women's sexuality as highly independent from that of men, expanding possibilities for female sexual empowerment, exploration, and diversity.
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False
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_____________ theorists question the usefulness of universal, all-encompassing grand theories to explain the social world, arguing that there is no "right" way of seeing or describing the world, and that no two people share the same reality.
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Postmodern
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__________ theory suggests that sexuality is best seen as a transaction or trade, and that relationships are only stable so long as people feel they are getting a fair deal. Critics of this perspective point out that this perspective ignores the role of love, emotion, and sacrifice from romantic and sexual relationships.
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Exchange
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How did race play a part in the development of the feminist mentorship program that was observed in "Our 'Ideal' Girl"?
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White program directors and mentors overlooked race as a topic of discussion, committing a fundamental error of White privilege by presuming their concerns reflected those of all women
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White program directors and mentors overlooked race as a topic of discussion, committing a fundamental error of White privilege by presuming their concerns reflected those of all women
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Intersectionality
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Although early sexologists have been criticized as outdated, ethnocentric, and unsophisticated, their work was important in that it:
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WRONG ANSWER: - male and female work spheres are now largely unsegregated and interchangeable, there are no consequences for transgressing boundaries, if such boundaries even exist - all of the above
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Gender inequalities reflect a "systematic distribution of rewards, privileges, responsibilities." These ideologies translate into material differences (e.g., resources), and material differences justify and support ideologies. Identify features of the social world that promote and justify gender inequality:
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both a and b
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High school proms
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Are arguably the quintessential ritual of adolescent gender conformity.
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Sexual scripts are
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All of the above
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_____________ is a specific and often intentional display of gendered behavior; __________ refers to the processes of repetition through which gender becomes naturalized.
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gender performance; gender performativity
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Respondents in Carpenter's 2009 survey in "Virginity Loss in Reel/Real Life" described movies such as Sixteen Candles, Pretty in Pink, The Breakfast Club, and Clueless presenting virginity as a ________.
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WRONG ANSWER: - Stigma to rid oneself of
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The belief that "good girls" wait for the "right one" (their future husband) is a romantic script that can:
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All of the above
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Stephens' (2010) research found that sexual scripts are influential in African American preadolescent decision making processes about sexual activity and behavior, so they can provide an accessible way for researchers to understand how African American preadolescent females makes sense of sexuality.
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True
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Mass media and manufacture of products for sexual consumption play a significant role in sexualization of girls.
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True
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As Sternheimer argues, sexuality in the media has ONLY been a concern that has developed in twenty-first century America.
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False
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According to Laura Carpenter's 2009 article "Virginity Loss in Reel/Real Life," many people use movies to make sense of virginity loss in which of the following ways?
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All of the above
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The portrayal of large, expensive "fairy-tale" weddings across various media (TV, magazines, etc.):
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Both options 1 and 3
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Moral panics about girls first surfaced in the twentieth century.
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False
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In Vickery's (2009) article analyzing responses and discussions on a message board dedicated to single hood, which of the following discourses are present and are being reproduced?
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All of the above.
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The cultural expectation, "if the man pays for the date, the woman should reciprocate by offering sex," is an example of _________________. Societal messages such as these transmit information about a culture's values to individuals, and provide cultural scenarios which act as guidelines for individual expression.
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A gendered romantic script.
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According to a study by the American Psychiatric Association, girls who looked at objectifying material were more likely to have low self-esteem, to become depressed, and develop eating disorders, proving that the "toxic sexual culture" discussed in Sexy Inc. has real effects on girls.
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True
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The wedding industrial complex:
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all of the above
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Romantic scripts such as "prince charming" and "waiting for the one" are carefully embedded within many contemporary mediated scripts of sexuality.
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True
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According to Nichole Zlatunich's 2009 article entitled, "Prom Dreams and Prom Reality: Girls Negotiating "Perfection" at the High School Prom," which of the following is true?
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girls both challenge and accept the dominant messages about beauty and romance in teen prom magazines
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Sternheimer (2010) notes that unlike the 2001 Kaiser Family Foundation study of sex on television, the 1999 British article "Talking Dirty: Children, Sexual Knowledge, and Television," published in the journal Childhood found that:
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All of the above
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The _________ is the most pervasive and dominant representation of romance in popular culture.
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wedding
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According to Vickery's (2009) analysis of an online message board, girls in relationships do not perpetuate mediated romantic/sexual scripts.
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False
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One's sexual identity is defined by the sexual acts one participates in.
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False
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How does the gay pornography business provide straight actors with the social conditions that allow them to have situationally specific male-male sexual behavior in the making of gay porn?
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All of the above
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Which of the following differentiates "dude sex" culture from gay male culture, as described by Jane Ward in "Dude Sex" (2008)?
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Both A and B differentiate "dude sex" culture from gay male culture
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Depictions of presumably heterosexual women experimenting with same-sex sexuality is an increasing phenomenon in popular culture referred to as:
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Heteroflexibility
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The focus on genital appearance by doctors often does not accept that differences in genital size and shape generally do not require surgical "correction." In fact, hormone treatments and surgery rarely a medical necessity, but are practiced without any supportive research evidence. In addition, this perspective can completely discount the role of chromosomes, hormones, and other factors that shape gender identities.
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True
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In Nash and Bain's discussion of "Reclaiming Raunch," the traditional butch-femme binary expressed in biologically female bodies is commonly displayed in the "queer" spaces of the "women's" bathhouse.
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True
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___________ refers to the state of dissatisfaction __________ individuals experience when they feel trapped in the body of the "wrong" sex.
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WRONG ANSWER: - Antipathy;transgender
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Which method(s) did Amy Wilkins use to understand gender egalitarianism in a local Goth community?
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All of the above
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Theorist Judith Butler uses queer theory make several arguments around the idea of gender as "performance". Her main arguments are also built upon some assumptions regarding the relationship between sex (at birth) and gender). Please choose the follow set of statements that best reflect this standpoint:
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gender does not necessarily reflect one's sex at birth, it is learned and unlearned, it is performed in different ways in different settings. These performances are related to social beliefs about masculinity and femininity.
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Sexual citizenship focuses on the apolitical aspects of gender performance and sexuality.
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False
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The "transgender" label is used as:
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all of the above
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The market for gay pornography, according to Jeffrey Escoffier (2003), relies on the cultural and economic significance of male-male sexual representations, NOT homosexual desire.
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True
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Sexual subcultures are usually defined against mainstream culture but often embody dominant gender norms.
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True
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The term intersex refers to:
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All of the above
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Which of the following is a reason that the hook-up subculture is particularly common on college campuses?
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Creates an atmosphere of familiarity and trust
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Alternative views of intersexed people, found in other cultures that do not encourage genital reconstruction surgery based on a strict male/female gender binary, include:
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All of the above are alternative views of intersexed people that do not encourage genital reconstruction surgery based on a strict male/female binary
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Which of the following describes a common theme that Lisa Diamond observes in displays of heteroflexibility in "I'm Straight, but I Kissed a Girl" (2005)?
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WRONG ANSWER: - All of the above are common themes in displays of heteroflexibility according to Lisa Diamond
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The risk of infant genital surgery, when done to assign gender, includes:
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all of the above
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What did Amy Wilkins gather about sexual agency in the Goth community?
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Both a and b.
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The terms/concepts of "heterosexual" and "homosexual" have always existed in some way or another in every language, and in every historical period. The course material definitely does NOT make the argument that these identity categories arose within a particular historical / social setting.
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False
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Based on the materials provided, which of the following statements about women and vibrator use is NOT true?
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Women who are single are more likely to use a vibrator than women who are in a relationship
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Brazilian waxes, breast implants, and cardio striptease classes, can be best defined as:
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an example of the porno-ization of culture
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Hilary Howard's 2011 New York Times article "Vibrators Carry the Conversation" argues that:
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WRONG ANSWER: - Vibrators are so popular that 'inconspicuous consumption' involving discreet packaging and confidentiality, is no longer an issue for the vibrator industry
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Which of the following are examples of significant events that facilitated the development and promotion of sex drugs for women, according to Heather Hartley in "The 'Pinking' of Viagra Culture" (2006)?
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All of the above facilitated the development and promotion of sex drugs for women.
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How do medical-therapeutic practices help define and enforce a society's sexual hierarchy and sexual norms, according to McGann (2006)?
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An illness diagnosis can provide seemingly positive rational for restricting or changing individual sexual behaviors deemed 'disturbing'
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_________________ was regarded as a standard treatment for hysteria, menstrual disorders and other female complaints, for at least the last 2,000 years.
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gynecological massage
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A medicalized view sees one's ability to orgasm as linked to health, and labels inability to orgasm in the culturally accepted way (penile-vaginal intercourse) as pathological or dysfunctional. The implications of this are that:
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all of the above
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Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the clitoris has been conceptualized historically in Europe and the U.S.?
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Symbolicmanifestation of men's uncontrollable sexual desires
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What is Virginia Braun (2005)'s argument for how FGCS can also reinforce a traditional model of male sexuality?
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Because FGCS has become a practice of changing women's diverse bodies to fit a certain aesthetic of what women's genitals should look like, and that aesthetic is male-oriented
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"It's easier in a repressed culture to have a disorder than go to a sex store and get a vibrator," Liz Canner, the director of "Orgasm, Inc.," said in Howard's 2011 New York Times article. This quote demonstrates:
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WRONG ANSWER: -The porno-ization of culture
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The documentary "Orgasm, Inc." investigates Female Sexual Dysfunction from the perspective that it is:
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A commercial invention that exploits and reinforces the idea that women's sexual dissatisfaction stems from medical or biological issues rather than social or cultural ones
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Sex positive feminism is the form of feminism thatuncritically accepts prevalent discourses on female sexuality.
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False
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When female sexual desire was viewed as a medical disorder (resulting from masturbation, heavy petting & sex outside of marriage), medical treatments included:
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all of the above
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How has academic sexuality research over the past century improved our understanding of women's experiences of desire and pleasure?
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Both b and c
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________________ refers to the division between radical (anti-pornography) and sex-radical (sex-positive) feminists which occurred within the women's liberation movement.
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Feminist sex wars
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How does FGCS fail to challenge the bounds of normative heterosexuality, according to Braun's "In Search of (Better) Sexual Pleasure" (2005)?
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All of the above are ways that FGCS fails to challenge the bounds of normative heterosexuality
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According to McGann's "Healing (Disorderly) Desire" (2006), the major categories of sexual disorder in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) are neutral classifications that do not encode any normative assumptions of sexuality.
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False
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The idea of a surgical 'fix' of sexual pleasure locates sexual pleasure at the level of the individual body, rather than in relation to a 'fit' between bodies and the practices they are engaged in, which disregards the particularities of sex, according to Braun (2005).
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True
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According to Jane Juffer (1998), women are very comfortable masturbating as well as discussing about it.
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False
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The medicalization of female sexuality is an important theme in this module. For something to be considered "medicalized," it must be:
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WRONG ANSWER: - all of the above
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Structural violence means:
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the systematic exclusion of a group from the resources needed to survive and flourish.
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According to the World Health Organization (2009), women who engage in sex work, drug use, and migration are at high risk of HIV infection. Often they are engaging in such 'risky behaviours' as a result of their:
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Economic vulnerability
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Eleanor Maticka-Tyndall (1992) interviewed and analyzed the interviews of 25 never-married 17-22-year-old residents of Montreal, Canada, in order to:
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Examine the construction of common sense knowledge about AIDS
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Research on comprehensive sexual education programs indicates that these programs are often successful at delaying the onset and reducing the frequency of intercourse, reducing the number of sexual partners, and increasing condom or contraceptive use for teenagers.
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True
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How is the AIDS epidemic impacting education in poor countries, according to Mukherjee (2010)?
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All of the above
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Lata's story (in the reading by Paul Farmer) illustrates:
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the impact of structural violence.
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Which of the following is/are reason(s) why women's morbidity rates due to sexually transmitted diseases such as Chlamydia are much greater than men's, according to the World Health Organization report (2009)?
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All of the above are reasons why women have higher STD morbidity rates than men
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As Mukherjee (2010) writes, international financial policies and institutions are contributing to the AIDS epidemic by:
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Forcing poor governments to decrease their public sector budgets and privatize health services
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According to Maticka-Tyndall (1992), personal methods of protection from AIDS are gendered in which of the following ways?
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The idea that women trust their partners to disclose information about their previous 'risky behaviors,' while men trust that there would be nothing for their partners to disclose
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Which of the following is NOT a heteronormative lesson that girls generally learn in sex education?
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To celebrate sexual and gender diversity
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Mukherjee's (2007) article suggests that
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The approach to prevention of AIDS must be targeted towards the root causes of the epidemic.
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The majority of women in the U.S. become infected with HIV as a result of:
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Male-to-femalesexual contact
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According to your readings, which of the following reduces young people's use of condoms:
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All of the above
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Maticka-Tyndall argues that sexual education programs could better fit with those for whom they are designed if:
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All of the above
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According to the World Health Organization report, the disproportionate number of women who are infected with HIV is a result of:
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A combination of biological factors, cultural factors, and gender inequalities.
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As described in the video lecture by Dr. Weitz, the illusion of sexual freedom contributes to women's risk of sexually transmitted infections.
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True
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The routine silencing of women's sexual desire in sexual education has been referred to as:
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WRONG ANSWER: -All of the Above
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Which of the following can be considered components of sexual subjectivity?
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Both b and c
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Lata, whose story is featured by Paul Farmer (1999), is forced to pay a kurja, or _____________, which prevented her from leaving her enslavement in Bombay.
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a debt
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Jessica Field's (2007) research on sexuality education shows that lessons about female sexual pleasure violate widely held social tenets about how sexual knowledge has nothing to do with male sexual vulnerability.
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False
