question

stages of the writing process

answer

prewriting (also called planning or rehearsal), shapping, drafting, revising, editing, proofreading and publishing

question

prewriting

answer

this stage of the writing process involve gathering and selecting ideas; teachers can help students in several ways: creating lists, researching, brainstorming,reading to discover more about the author's style, talking, collecting memorabilia or clips from other texts, and free-writing

question

drafting

answer

in this stage, students begin writing, connecting, and developing ideas

question

revising

answer

this is the stage of writing that involves rewriting or "re-seeing;" emphasis is place on examining sentence structure, word choice, voice, and organization of the piece

question

editing

answer

this stage involves checking for style and conventions--spelling, grammar, usage, and punctuation

question

publishing

answer

the "going public" stage of writing

question

evaluating

answer

in this stage, the writer looks back at his/her work and self-evaluates, and the audience evaluates the effectiveness of the writing

question

writing activities

answer

personal writing, workplace writing, subject writing, creative writing, persuasive writing, and scholarly writing

question

peer review

answer

acting a referee; evaluating a colleague's work professionally

question

portfolios

answer

examples of student's essays, created to organize and explain their selections for end-of-term writing; reveals how much students learn from such reflection; careful attention to students reflections invites instructors to change their approach so that it encourages the process of learning that students describe

question

holistic scoring

answer

impressionistic; method based on theory that a whole piece of writing is greater than the sum of its parts; essays are read for a total impression they create, rather than individual aspects; grammar, spelling, and organization should not be considered as separate entities

question

scoring rubics

answer

descriptive scoring schemes that are developed by teachers and other evaluators to guide analysis of the products or process of a a students efforts; scoring requires certain criteria to be met; example: (3) meets expectation (2) adequate (1) needs improvement (0) inadequate

question

self-assessment

answer

can be used in a group work to assist students in raising their awareness about the quality of their contributions to the group; part of any writing assignment to summarize strengths and weaknesses they see in their writing

question

personal writing

answer

students can express their innermost thoughts, feelings, and responses through a variety of personal writing, including journal writing, diaries, logs, personal narratives, and personal essays

question

workplace writing

answer

middle and secondary level students learn how to prepare resumes, cover letters, job applications, and business letters

question

subject writing

answer

middle and secondary level students learn how to write interviews, accounts, profiles, or descriptions to capture the meaning of the subject being written about

question

creative writing

answer

provides students with the opportunity to play with language, to express emotions, to articulate stories, or to develop a drama for others to enjoy

question

persuasive / argumentative writing

answer

students learn rhetorical strategies to persuade others, such as by writing editorials, arguments, commentaries, and advertisements

question

scholarly writing

answer

essays, research papers, biographies--these types of writing are most prevalent in middle or secondary level classrooms

question

types of source material

answer

reference works, internet, student-created sources, other

question

reference works

answer

dictionaries, encyclopedias, writers' reference handbooks, books of lists, almanacs, thesauruses, books of quotations, and so on

question

internet

answer

online: dictionaries, encyclopedias, writers' reference handbooks, books of lists, almanacs, thesauruses, books of quotations, and so on; various search engines and portals to gather ideas and information

question

student-created sources

answer

a student's personal dictionary of words to know or spell, note cards, graphic organizers, oral histories, and journals

question

other sources

answer

film, art, media, and so on

question

MLA

answer

Salinger, J.D. 'The Catcher in the Rye.' New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945.

question

APA

answer

Salinger, J. D. (1945) 'The Catcher in the Rye.' New York: Little, Brown and Company.

question

purposes of writing

answer

to express yourself, to inform a reader, to persuade a reader, to create a literary work

question

audience

answer

the particular group of readers or viewers that the writer is addressing

question

audience characteristics

answer

age, gender, ethic backgrounds, political philosophies, religious beliefs, roles (student, parent, voter, wage earner, property owner, veteran), interests hobbies, level of education, amount of general or specialized knowledge about the topic, preconceptions brought to the material

question

general reading public

answer

composed of educated, experienced readers, people who read newspapers, magazines, and books

question

tone

answer

part of your writing that is established by what you say and how you say it

question

process writing

answer

learning how to write by writing; is an approach which encourages students to communicate their own written messages while simultaneously developing their literacy skills in speaking and reading rather than delaying involvement in the writing process, as advocated in the past, until students have perfected their abilities in handwriting, reading, phonetics, spelling, grammar, and punctuation

question

shaping

answer

calls for you to consider ways to organize your material

question

proofreading

answer

calls for you to read your final copy for typing errors or handwriting legibility

question

ways to organize a passage

answer

chronological order, classification, illustration, climax, location, comparison, cause and effect

question

chronological order

answer

the writer shows order of time or the steps in a process

question

classification

answer

the writer explains the relationship between terms and concepts

question

illustration

answer

the topic sentence is stated and then followed by the details

question

climax

answer

the details are stated first, followed by a topic sentence

question

location

answer

the writer describes a person, place, or thing and organizes it in the description in a logical manner

question

comparison

answer

the writer demonstrates similarities and differences between two or more subjects

question

cause and effect

answer

the writer shows the relationship between events and their results

question

types of discourse

answer

creative, expository, persuasive, argumentative

question

creative

answer

speech or written form in which one expresses thoughts and feelings with imagination and creativity

question

expository

answer

speech or written form in which one explains or describes

question

persuasive

answer

speech or written form in which one sets forth to convince

question

argument

answer

speech or written form that debates or argues a topic in a logical way

question

topic sentence

answer

the first sentence of the paragraph; it gives the reader an idea of what the paragraph is going to be about

question

free writing

answer

writing nonstop about anything

question

focused free writing

answer

writing nonstop by starting with a set topic

question

brainstorming

answer

listing all the ideas that come to mind associated with the topic

question

journalistic questions

answer

who? what? when? where? why? how?

question

mapping

answer

also called clustering and webbing; more visual and less linear

question

shaping

answer

often called composing; putting together the ideas to create a composition

question

typical elements in informative essay

answer

introductory paragraph, thesis statement, background information, points of discussion, concluding paragraph

question

introductory paragraph

answer

leads into the topic of the essay, trying to capture the reader's interest

question

thesis statement

answer

states the central message of the essay, accurately reflecting the essay's content

question

background information

answer

gives basic material, providing a context for the points being made in an essay

question

points of discussion

answer

supports the essay's thesis, each consisting of a general statement backed by specific details

question

concluding paragraphs

answer

ends the essay smoothly, not abruptly, flowing logically from the rest of the essay

question

basic requirements for a thesis statement

answer

subject, purpose, focus, specific language, briefly state subdivisions

question

subject

answer

topic that you are discussing

question

purpose

answer

either to give your reader information or to persuade your readers to agree with you

question

focus

answer

your assertion that conveys your point of view

question

specific language

answer

vague words are avoided

question

assertion

answer

a sentence stating your topic and the point you want to make about it

question

formal outline guidelines

answer

number, letters, indentations signaling groups and levels of importance; each level has more than one entry; all subdivisions are at the same level of generality; headings don't overlap; only first word (and proper nouns) of each entry capitalize; introductory and concluding paragraphs omitted, but thesis is state about the outline itself

question

revising

answer

taking a draft from its preliminary to its final version by evaluating, adding, cutting, moving material, editing, and proofreading

question

drafting

answer

gathering ideas onto paper in sentences and paragraphs

question

unity

answer

achieved when all parts of the essay relate to the thesis statement and to each other

question

coherence

answer

when the essay supplies guideposts that communicate the relations among ideas

question

steps of revision

answer

shifting mentally from judgment; read your draft to critically evaluate it; decide whether to rewrite or revise current draft; be systematic

question

major activities of revision

answer

add (insert needed words, sentences, paragraphs), cut (get rid of whatever goes off topic), replace (as needed, substitute words, sentences, paragraphs), move material around (changing sequence of paragraphs)

question

development

answer

arrange a paragraph, and specific, concrete support for the main idea of the paragraph

question

plagerizing

answer

is to present another person's words or ideas as if they were your own

question

quotations

answer

the exact words of a source set off in quotation marks

question

paraphrase

answer

a detailed statement of someone else's statement expressed in your own words and your own sentence structure

question

summary

answer

a condensed statement of main points of someone else's passage expressed in your own words and sentence structure

question

source

answer

a book, article, videotape, or any other form of communication

question

RENNS

answer

a memory device to check for specific, concrete details: reason, examples, names, numbers, senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch)

question

techniques for coherence

answer

use transitional expressions, use pronouns effective, uses deliberate repetition effectively, use parallel structures effectively

question

common transitional expressions and the relationships they signal

answer

addition (also, in addition, too, moveover); example (for example, for instance, on the otherhand, nevertheless); contrast (but, yet, however, on the other hand); comparison (similarly, likewise, in the same way); concession (of course, to be sure, certainly, granted); result (therefore, thus, accordingly); summary (hence, in short, in brief, in conclusion, finally); time sequence (first, second, third, before, soon, later, subsequently, currently); place (in the front, in the foreground, in the back, at the side, adjacent, nearby)

question

direct quotation

answer

repeats another's words exactly and encloses them in quotation marks

question

indirect quotations

answer

reports another's words without quotation marks except around words repeated exactly from the source

question

evidence

answer

facts, data, and opinions of others used to support assertions and conclusions

question

guidelines for evaluating evidence

answer

is it sufficient? is it representative? is it relevant? is it accurate? are claims qualified?

question

compare and contrast

answer

used to show similarities and differences (key words: although, but, still, yet, compared with, as opposed to, different from, either/or, neither/nor, in common, similarly

question

chronological order

answer

a following of one thing after another (key words: after, next, afterward, during, preceding, finally, immediately, first, later, now)

question

spatial sequence

answer

spatial, geometrical, or geographical arrangement of ideas according to their position in space (examples: left/right, top/bottom, circular, adjacent)

question

cause and effect

answer

relationship occur whenever one event makes other events happen (key words: consequently, as a result of, accordingly,in order to, if/then)

question

problem and solution

answer

informs the reader of the problem and suggests action to remedy problem (similar to a persuasive argument paper)

question

elements in an argument

answer

introductory paragraph, thesis statement, background information, reasons or evidence, anticipation of like objections and responses to them, concluding paragraph

question

Toulman's model of arguement

answer

the claim, the support, the warrant

question

guidelines for reasoning effectively in written arguement

answer

be logical, enlist the emotions of the reader, establish credibility

question

generalizations

answer

can overstate or understate a fact; can cause skepticism; undermine the writer's authority; (key words: all, everyone, always, many, never, nobody); creates inaccuracies; can produce false statements

question

ways to avoid generalizations

answer

be specific, use facts/data/statistics, use/attribute quotes; quantify don't qualify; use of "it seems," try not to overstate situation, base writing on authority, break down the topic

question

graphic organizer

answer

(some of which are also called concept maps, entity relationship charts, and mind maps) are a pictorial way of constructing knowledge and organizing information; they help the student convert and compress a lot of seemingly disjointed information into a structured, simple-to-read, graphic display; the resulting visual display conveys complex information in a simple-to-understand manner

question

rhetorical strategies

answer

analogies, extended metaphor, appeal to authority, appeal to emotion

question

analogies

answer

are comparison of two pairs that have the same relationship

question

extended metaphor

answer

is a metaphor (a comparison of two unlike things) used throughout a work or over a series of lines in prose or poetry

question

appeal to authority

answer

type of argument in logic in which an expert or knowledgeable other is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument

question

appeal to emotion

answer

type of argument in which the author appeals to the readers emotions (fear, security, pity, flattery) to prove the argument

question

rhetorical features

answer

style, tone, point of view, sarcasm, counterpoints, praise

question

style

answer

the way the an author uses words, phrases, and sentences to formulate ideas

question

tone

answer

the overall feeling created in a piece of writing

question

point of view

answer

the perspective from which a piece is written; first person, third person, omniscient, limited omniscient

question

sarcasm

answer

use of positive feedback or cutting wit to mock someone

question

counterpoints

answer

use of contrasting ideas to communicate a message

question

praise

answer

use of positive messages to recognize or influence others

question

types of presentation strategies

answer

performing speeches, plays, videos; making a speech, participating in debate; creating booklets, brochures, family scrapbooks, or personal web pages; publishing a school newspaper, magazine, or portfolio; submitting work for publication beyond classroom for a literary magazine, local newspaper, professional publication for writers

Writing Process Test Questions – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards