World War I and the Russian Revolution – Flashcards
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What was one cause of World War I
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Increased tension between European countries (MAIN) Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism
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What is the acronym for the main causes of World War I?
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MAIN
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How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the spending on armaments?
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More factories readily available allowed nations to quickly and more efficiently produce weaponry and other war materials. Also, new technology caused nations to preventatively build up their armies in anticipation of war.
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How could building up armies and increased militarism lead to the outbreak of war?
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More weapons, ships and armaments were sitting there, growing tension with massive destructive forces just sitting around. A small spark and everyone was ready.
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How could the Industrial Revolution make a war more deadly?
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Forces were more built up and large, new more advanced machinery was more deadly and accurate.
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
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Triple Alliance (before the outbreak of war)
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France, Britain, Russia
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Members of the Triple Entente (before the war)
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Why were alliances formed during times of peace?
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To be safe in the event of war, and also to prevent anyone from attacking them if they had someone to back them up.
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How did peacetime alliances cause the war to become vast very quickly?
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Once one nation went to war, its ally had to back them up, so as more and more allied nations declared war on their ally's enemies.
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How did imperialism lead to tension and jealousy between European powers?
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With nationalist feelings of pride and power, colonies were power, and there was competition between nations to own colonies.
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How could war solve problems caused by imperialism?
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Some nations who lost would be forced to relinquish their colonies, eliminating some competition.
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What was an underlying problem in Austria-Hungary before war broke out?
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The area was made up of many different nationalist groups that desired autonomy.
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Why would nationalist groups in Austria-Hungary desire war?
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War could break up the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and give them their own homelands.
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Where was Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary traveling when he was killed?
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Saravejo, in Serbia
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What was the terrorist group that were terrible assassins but finally managed to assassinate Archduke Francis Ferdinand?
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The Black Hand
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Who was the assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife?
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Gavrilo Princip
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What did Austria-Hungary say to Serbia in response to Archduke Francis Ferdinand's death?
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They issued an ultimatum, saying that the Serbian government was allowing for these terrorist groups to exist, and that they supported the assassination. They made it clear that this was not ok, and that they would be sending someone over to have a hand in the governing of Serbia
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What two demands did Austria-Hungary make of Serbia?
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1) That they stop these terrorist groups from being allowed to exist 2) Allowing ustrian troops and representation to interfere and stop the terrorist movements theemselves
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How did the alliances established pre-war change after war broke out?
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Italy switched from Central Powers to the Allies side.
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What two aspects contributed to the rise of militarism?
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The Industrial Revolution Military
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How did the Industrial Revolution add to the rise of militarism?
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Now that they could mass-produce weapons, they could make more of them faster and stockpile them. The technology was much more advanced and more deadly.
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How did the military contribute to the rise of militarism?
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With increased interest in the army and navy, there were (and later needed to be) more soldiers
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What were the two systems of Alliances? (during peacetime)
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The Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance
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What was a purpose of the peacetime alliance systems?
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Just in case To prevent, deter war.
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Which countries made up the Triple Entente?
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France Great Britain Russia (and the Balkans)
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Which countries made up the triple Alliance?
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Germany Austria-Hungary Italy
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How did imperialism lead to war?
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A desire for colonies, which provided power and money resulted in greed and competition, as well as a desire for spoils that came with victory.
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What are two parts of nationalism that lead to war?
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Patriotism and Ethnic and cultural groups uniting to have self-determination
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How did patriotism contribute to nationalism?
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They wanted victory, which = prestige for their nation. The change to seek revenge against enemies.
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Which country was seeking revenge against Germany?
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France
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Why was France seeking revenge against Germany?
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For their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
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How would ethnic and cultural groups uniting to have autonomy contribute to nationalism?
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They were divided initially, but united in the Balkans. (Slavic People) Russia supported them. Results in the "powder keg of Europe"
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Why did Russia support the slavic groups in the Balkans?
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Much of its population was Slavic
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What was the spark that set off the war?
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The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian terrorist group.
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From what nation was the terrorist group "The Black Hand"
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Serbia
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Who were "The Black Hand"
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A "nationalist" group. A terrorist group.
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How was "The Black Hand" a nationalist group?
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They wanted independence for the Slavic people of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
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How was "The Black Hand" a terrorist group?
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They resorted to violence in order to achieve political change
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Why did Austria-Hungary give an ultimatum to Serbia?
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They thought that the government was behind the terrorist attacks.
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Which nation backed up Serbia when Austria-Hungary declared war on them?
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Russia
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Did Serbia declare war on Austria-Hungary?
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No, the other way around.
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How did Russia react to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia?
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They declared war on Austria-Hungary because of their alliance with Serbia. (+ Slavic states stick together)
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What was the name of the pre-war alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy?
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The Triple Alliance
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What was the name of the during-war alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire (+ Bulgaria)
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The Central Powers
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What was the name of the pre-war alliance between France, Great Britain, and Russia?
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The Triple Entente
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What was the name of the during-war alliance between France, Great Britain, Russia, ( + Serbia) and Italy?
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The Allied Powers
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Why did the Ottoman Empire join the Central Powers?
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They hated Russia
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Strategy to attack France by going through neutral Belgium, winning quickly, then turning attention to the Eastern Front.
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Schlieffen Plan
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What was the goal behind the Schlieffen Plan?
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To avoid a two-front war
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What went wrong with the Schlieffen Plan?
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The Germans could not defeat France so easily and wound up at a standstill.
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What advantages did Russia have?
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It was vast Weather to their advantage Huge population = lots of soldiers to outlast smaller armies
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What disadvantages did the Russians face?
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The were not industrialized, lacked the infrastructure, factories, and a supply route. Plus it would take a while to mobilize because of the distance.
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What did Britain do when the Germans marched across neutral Belgium?
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Since Belgium was neutral, their neutrality had been violated, which angered the British greatly. They declared war.
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How did Britain use the invading of Belgium as propaganda?
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They publicized the "atrocities in Belgium" to get people on the Allied side, especially to fuel an anti-German sentiment in America.
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What purpose had Belgium served?
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A neutral buffer zone
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To what major city were the Germans just short of?
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Paris
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Why did the Germans want to capture Paris?
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It was the capital, and once you controlled the capital you controlled the country.
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What were some initial beliefs about the length of the war?
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Home by Christmas! Patriotism! Nationalism! Don't want to miss out on such a short little war!
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What is it called when people forget about the dangers of war and only see the patriotic and heroic aspects?
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Blind patriotism
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What was an effect of resorting to total war?
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No more consumer goods Everything for the war effort Production for war supplies only
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What two rivers did the Germans advance to in France?
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The Seine and the Marne
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What area was the Western Front?
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In France, the area between the farthest German advance and where the Allies pushed them back.
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At what speed were the Germans able to mobilize?
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Very fast
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Why were troops so unprepared when they first entered the war?
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They were unfamiliar with the new technology. Old technology would not compete with the new technology. The technology was advancing so quickly that generals were still using old strategies that would not work.
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What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on weaponry?
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Much more advanced. Mechanical warfare and new machinery and technology could be incorporated into artillery and war machines.
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What were some examples of more advanced weaponry?
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The machine gun
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What was the advantage of the machine gun?
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Much quicker, more accurate, and more efficient as compared to the rifle.
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How was strategy impacted by new weaponry?
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Strategy changed drastically from marching straight at each other to trench warfare. Entrenching themselves, setting up barbed wire and land mining the area in front of the trenches made more sense with more accurate. However, it was much harder to advance on the enemy.
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What is it called when a war becomes a matter of which side can outlast the other?
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This caused a "Battle of Attrition"
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What was life like in the trenches?
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It was dirty, boring, cramped, uncomfortable, unsanitary, and sometimes hazardous.
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Why was so much government propaganda directed at the troops necessary?
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To rally them against their enemies, strengthen their morale, and win the support of the people back home who would participate in the war effort.
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Give some examples of new war technology.
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Machine gun, tanks, submarines, airplanes, poison gas
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What was the use of a tank?
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To protect advancing troops as they broke through enemy defenses.
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What was the use of a submarine (U-Boat)
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Used by Germany to destroy Allied ships by sneaking up on them then torpedoing them.
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What new technology was responsible for bringing the U.S. into the war?
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U-Boats
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What was the use of airplanes during the war?
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Observation, and later, air combat with "flying aces"
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What was the use of poison gas during the war?
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Lobbed into enemy trenches, killing or disabling troops.
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What happened in December of 1914?
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The Christmas Truce
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Both sides gave up fighting for one night and celebrated with each other and were at peace. Troops went against their commands and fraternized with the enemy.
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The Christmas Truce
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What were the three stages of the Armenian Genocide?
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The massacre of Armenian troops and soldiers, which wiped out able-bodied men. They arrest Armenian intellectuals, political leaders, teachers, and religious leaders and imprison and torture them, which wipes out the intelligent head of the culture. The passage of emergency legislation gave legitimacy to the government to arrest and deport the Armenian people in villages, towns, and cities.
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What did the Turks have against the Armenians?
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Hated minority groups since Sultan Abdul Hamid II. When Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria broke away, they talked of horrors by Christians. Threat to Pan-Turkism.
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What group encouraged and elevated the level of persecution of the Armenians?
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The Young Turks
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Why do the Turks passionately deny the Armenian Genocide?
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They don't want to be compared to Nazi Germany.
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What are some ways that the Turks denied the Armenian Geonocide?
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By saying it was a result of war, that both sides had losses. It was a "relocation". It was unfortunate, but not purposeful.
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Where did most of the fighting occur on the Eastern Front?
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East Prussia and Poland
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Which side made the most significant advances on the Eastern Front?
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The Central powers, who made it far into Russia.
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On which side did Arabia and Egypt fight?
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They fought with the Allies because they hated Turkey (Ottoman Empire) who was against Serbia.
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Who won the battle of the Dardanelles?
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The Central Powers
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Which side won the most battles in the Middle East?
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The Allies
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What happened at Caporetto?
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The Italians suffered a massive defeat by Germany.
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What happened at Tannenburg?
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The Russians suffered a massive defeat by Germany.
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What happened at Gallipoli?
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The Allies were defeated and trapped.
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Why did the Allies want to control the Dardanelles?
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Russia has no warm water ports (no kidding!) and they needed to get supplies to Russia, who was very low due to their lack of industrialization. They hoped that having access there would make it easier to transport supplies.
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Why did the Russians want the Allies to control the Dardanelles?
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If the French and British could distract the Central Powers in the South, it could relieve some pressure in the east near Poland.
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Which nation did not impose universal military conscription?
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Britain
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What is it called when every able-bodied male is forced to enter the military?
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Universal military conscription
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What was the role of women during the war?
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Many took over the men's jobs and kept the economies stable back home, many worked as nurses.
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What did the war show about women?
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They were not too delicate, and could do many things men could do.
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What promising change came forth for women as a result of the war?
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They gained suffrage.
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Which countries remained uncommitted at the beginning of World War I?
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Italy and Britain
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What goal for postwar peace was shared by British and French leaders?
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To weaken Germany and make it pay.
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What was one result of militarism?
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An arms race
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Why did the British declare war on Germany in 1914
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To protect Belgium
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What was a major reason that the American joined the war effort in 1917?
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There were German submarine attacks on ships carrying American citizens.
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What was the purpose of the Hague Tribunal?
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To settle disputes between nations?
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Governments used propaganda to...
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control public opinion
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Of the great powers, which nation was the least industrialized?
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Russia
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Why did Serbian nationalists plot the assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary?
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They were protesting Austrian rule over Bosnia.
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In 1914, the Central Powers consisted of...
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Germany and Austria-Hungary
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The overall goal of President Wilson's Fourteen Points was to...
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Resolve this and future wars.
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What was the significance of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
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It ended Russian participation in the war.
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Why did many Americans feel personally involved with the war between the Allies and the Central Powers?
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They felt ties with language, culture, and democracy to the other European countries.
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Who was versing who on the Eastern Front in 1916?
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Germany vs. Russia
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How was Russia doing against Germany in 1916 on the Eastern Front?
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Poorly. They had many casualties and had a shortage of supplies.
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What battle caused a shortage of supplies in Russia?
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Gallipoli
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What domestic problems (at home) were the Russians facing?
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Food shortages and starvation, decreasing morale Frustration with the czar's government
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What did all of the problems in Russia, both caused by the war and internally contribute to?
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The Russian Revolution of 1917
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What happened with the government during the Russian Revolution of 1917?
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The czar was overthrown and a new government was set up
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What did Russia's new government propose?
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It sought an armistice with Germany. Ended Russian participation in World War I.
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What changed for Germany after Russia backed out of the war?
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They gained a lot of Russian land and could turn their attention to the Western Front
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What was the cause of a balance of power tipping in favor of the Central Powers?
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The Last Russian Offensive collapses in 1917
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What was the effect of the Last Russian offensive collapsing in 1917?
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The balance of power tipped in favor of the Central Powers.
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What did it mean for the Allies when the balance of power tipped in favor of the Central Powers?
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The Allies had to fight a larger German force
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From _____ to _______ the U.S. is neutral.
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1914 to April 1917
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How was the U.S. involved with the war indirectly before they actually declared war?
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They were shipping supplies to Europe
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What impact did shipping supplies to Europe have on the U.S.' economy?
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Demand was up, the economy was good
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To which two nations did the U.S. export the most goods?
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France and GB
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Did the U.S. export a lot of goods to Germany?
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No, their exports to Germany went down
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Why did the U.S.'s exports to Germany decrease?
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The British blockade
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What was the German response to the British blockade?
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U-Boats and unrestricted submarine warfare
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What did it mean by UNRESTRICTED submarine warfare?
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Attacks on merchant, naval, and commercial vessels.
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What is another word for U-Boats?
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Submarines
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Which nation was first to use U-Boats?
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Germany
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What was more effective: The British blockade or the German U-Boat attacks?
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British blockade
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What was more harmful to the U.S. economy? British blockade or German U-Boats?
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British blockade
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Which was more brutal: British blockade or German U-Boats?
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U-Boats!
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What type of ship was the Lusitania?
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Passenger
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What was the Lusitania?
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A British passenger ship that had Americans on board that was sunk by the German U-Boats.
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True or False The sinking of the Lusitania gave no warning whatsoever.
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False. The Germans had put a warning in the newspaper to tell people not to go on it because it was a war zone.
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How did the U.S. react to the sinking of the Lusitania?
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They were outraged!
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What was the purpose of the Zimmermann Telegram?
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To get the Americans embroiled in conflict with Mexico so they wouldn't assist the Allies
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What was the last straw for the U.S. to abandon its neutrality?
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The Zimmermann Telegram
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How did the Americans view the Zimmermann Telegram?
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Saw it as a plot by Germany
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After the U.S. told Germans to stop unrestricted submarine warfare...
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They said they would and continued it anyway
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What was a result in the governmental state of the Allied nations once Russia had left?
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It was all democratic nations
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What 5 things led to increased pressure for U.S. involvement?
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1) U-Boat attacks against ships, refusal to stop 2) Lusitania-American deaths 3) Zimmermann Telegram 4) No clear Allied victory-struggling (in common: democratic nation) 5) Russia was out
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1) U-Boat attacks against ships, refusal to stop 2) Lusitania-American deaths 3) Zimmermann Telegram 4) No clear Allied victory-struggling (in common: democratic nation) 5) Russia was out
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All contributed to increased pressure for U.S. involvement
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What was the main message behind Woodrow Wilson's declaration of war?
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Making the world safe for democracy
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"Righteousness of U.S. involvement"
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in Woodrow Wilson's declaration of war
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"Warfare of mankind"
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in Woodrow Wilson's declaration of war, talking about Germany
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Not in it for spoils
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U.S. involvement
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What was the effect of United States troops arriving in increasing numbers in 1918?
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Balance of power shifts back to the Allies
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What was the cause of the balance of power shifting back to the Allies?
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United States troops arriving in increasing numbers in 1918
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Why did Germany lose?
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Allied Navy Industrial Capacity German strategy
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How did the Allied Navy contribute to Germany's loss?
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The British blockade- cut off imports ensured American aid to the Allies- convoy system
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What effect did the British blockade have on Germany?
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They could not get the imports they needed- shortages of supplies, food, materials, etc.
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What was the convoy system?
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British merchant ships are surrounded by battleships for protection
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What is one reason the Americans had a vested interest in the Allies economically?
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Only doing business with Allies because Central Powers are cut off from blockade
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Which alliance system had a higher industrial capacity?
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The Allies
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Which of the Central powers were industrialized?
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Just Germany
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Which of the Central powers were not industrialized?
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Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary
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Which of the Allies were industrialized?
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England, France, and the U.S.
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Which of the Allies were not industrialized?
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Just Russia
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How did industrial capacity contribute to Germany's loss?
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Most of the Allied nations were far more industrialized than the Central Powers (exception Germany) which gave them an advantage and rendered them superior.
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What two parts of the Germany strategy contributed to Germany's loss?
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The Schlieffen Plan fails: 1) Fighting a two front war 2) No quick victory in France
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What was the problem with a two front war for the Germans?
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It drained supplies, morale, energy
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Did the Schlieffen plan succeed or fail?
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Failed.
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What part of the Schlieffen plan failed?
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Quick defeat in France
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What time period (or age) was when Japan industrialized?
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The Meiji Restoration
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Once Japan was industrialized, what did they need?
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Raw materials
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How would Japan seek raw materials?
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Imperialism/colonies/protectorates/spheres of influence
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What two wars that involved Japan were efforts to gain colonies?
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The Russo-Japanese war The Sino-Japanese War
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What were the results of the Russo-Japanese War and the Sino-Japanese War?
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Victory for Japan- shows its strength and might as a force to be reckoned with in Asia
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True or False World War I was an opportunity for Japan to gain positive relations with other countries.
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False. It was an opportunity for Japan to further expand
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Fill in the blank: (1) __________ made a deal with (2) __________ to seize (3) __________ colonies in Asia and the Pacific.
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(1) Japan (2) Britain (3) German
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True or False Japan declares war on Britain and sides with the Central Powers.
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False. Japan declares war on Germany and sides with the Allies
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WHICH COUNTRY DID THIS??? (1) Immediately seizes German Pacific possessions- Shandong Peninsula of China, the Mariana, Carolines, and Marshall Islands in the Western Pacific. Concluded a secret agreement with GB that essentially divided German island holdings between the two powers at the equator (2) Many escort sorties throughout 1917 (3) Development of heavy industry to meet Allied war demand, From a debtor to a creditor nation briefly
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Japan in World War I
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Shandong Peninsula of China The Mariana Islands The Carolines Islands The Marshall Islands
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German Pacific possessions seized by Japan
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Another word for convoys...
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escort sorties
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Another word for escort sorties
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convoys
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What impact did entering World War I have on the economy of Japan?
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Good for Japanese economy- development of industry
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Japan's actions in World War I
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(1) Seizes German Pacific possessions (2) Concluded a secret agreement with GB that divided German holdings between the two powers at the equator (3) Escort sorties throughout 1917 (4) Development of heavy industry to meet Allied war demand
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What was one of Japan's goals upon entering World War I?
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Spoils!!!!!!!
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How did the U.S. and Japan differ in their motivation for entering the war?
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Japan was in it for the spoils, while the U.S. wanted safety for democracy and no spoils.
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How did the Koreans and Chinese view the Japanese after the war?
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with suspicion or hatred
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True or False Japan was included in the negotiations in Paris in 1919
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True. They become a full partner
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True or False Japan did not receive ANY mandates over any islands that it had seized during World War I.
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False. They received many mandates.
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What was one way that the Allies showed that they regarded Japan as a full power?
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They let them join the League of Nations in 1920
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What is the League of Nations?
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An inter-war, international group set up (thought of by Wilson) to promote peace and understanding to problems instead of war.
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True or False Japan did not join the League of Nations.
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False. They did join the League of Nations in 1920
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What was signed on November 11, 1918
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an armistice
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What is an armistice
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An agreement to end the fighting
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In terms of human casualties, about how many people had died?
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18.5 million
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In terms of human casualties, about how many people were injured?
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Over 17 million
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What were two other examples of human casualties as a result of the war?
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Disease and famine
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Which Allied nation spent the largest percent of money?
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Britain
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What are some examples of economic losses as a result of the war?
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Factories, farms, and homes were destroyed Nations had huge war debts to pay The Allies insisted that the Central Powers make reparations
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What are reparations?
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Payments for war damage they have caused
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Which nations had to make reparations?
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The Central Powers
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Which nation had the worst reparations?
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Germany
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Which two empires collapsed after World War I?
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The Ottoman Empire The Austrian-Hungarian Empire
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What nations were carved out of old Austria-Hungary?
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Austria, Hungary, Romania (gained land), Italy (gained land), Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia
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How was the old Ottoman Empire broken up?
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Turkey gained land Placed under control of Britain and France (destined for self-determination originally)
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Who did the Germans incorrectly blame (use as a scapegoat) for their loss in World War I during the Weimar Republic era?
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Liberals, socialists, Jews
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What lies did the Germans fabricate to explain their defeat?
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Saying that they weren't defeated in battle, but on the home front
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When was the Weimar Republic?
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Inter-war government in Germany
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Proposed Mexican entry into the war
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Zimmermann Telegram
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Trade block as punishment
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Gallipolli
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Alliance formed to isolate Germany
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Triple Entente
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Emphasis on armed strength
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militarism
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Post war plan
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14 Points
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Agreement to stop fighting
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armistice
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Planned extermination of a people
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Genocide
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Serbia and Austria-Hungary's conflicts boiled over after the assassination of ___________.
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of A-H
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Great Britain entered the war when Germany invaded ________.
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Belgium
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Soldiers for the war were obtained through the __________.
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Conscription / draft
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Nations gained the support of their people by using _______.
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Propaganda
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The Russian Revolution was sparked by the ______ refusal to obey the czar and disband.
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Duma's
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The leader of the Bolsheviks, __________, signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers.
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V.I. Lenin
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When the United States entered the war, ____________________introduced a fourteen point postwar plan.
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President Woodrow Wilson
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The Paris Peace Conference demanded that Germany make _________ for war damages.
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reparations
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The _______________forced Germany to admit its guilt in starting the war.
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Treaty of Versailles
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After the war, the colonies of the Central Powers became _________ of the League of nations.
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mandates
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What is the Duma?
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The governing body in Russia that czar Nicholas set up in response to the October Manifesto to appease the people who were angry about Bloody Sunday.
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Explain how World War I was fought, and the concept of Total War.
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-emphasized new technology >battleships >u-boats >airplanes >tanks >machine guns -trench warfare -war of attrition -blockades -drafts -propaganda -total war= a war fought on the home front as well as over ground and sea
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Before the war, Germany had possibly the best army in the world. How, then, did the Germans lose the war?
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-Had a great army, but the Allies had a great navy - Blockade hurt Germany's supply line and strengthened Britain's trade ties with then-neutral U.S. -Germany was industrialized, but other Central Powers were much weaker. The combined ability of the Allies was much greater -Schlieffen plan failed, created long drawn-out war after Battle of Marne -Central Powers were weakened from years of war, but had fresh American troops -Weakened members surrendered, Germany was left on its own
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Would the war have been different if the U.S. had entered earlier? Explain why or why not?
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-Could have swung the war in the Allies' favor and ended it quickly - Could have helped them win the war, but still continued on for a while -Could have spurred Germany to concentrate efforts on attacking the U.S., gaining allies in Mexico, cutting into U.S. resources, weakened U.S. -German invasion of the U.S could have weakened Germany and ended the war more quickly
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General Ferdinand Foch described one aspect of the treaty of Versailles the "root of the next war' Discuss the problems caused by the treaty.
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- Punished Germany financially and militarily -Redrew borders to punish other nations >Financial damage,(reparations) >Germans have to dismantle army = ineffective because Allies cannot enforce this - Redrawing borders resulted in the restoration of some countries, the shrinking or enlarging of others, and the creation of some entirely new countries. This hurt some countries such as Germany by removing water acess or other key advantages -Redrawing borders (in Balkans esp.) created ethnic unrest by creating nations out of historic enemies
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What were the events leading up to the Paris Peace Conference?
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American troops reinforced the weakened French and British Defeat Germany-Kaiser is forced to abdicate Armistice is signed 11/11/1918
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What did the American troops do?
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They reinforced the weakened French and British
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What happened when Germany was defeated?
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The Kaiser was forced to abdicate
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When was the armistice signed?
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11/11/1918
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Conflicting goals of the Allied victors
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Paris Peace Conference
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True or False All of the Allied leaders agreed on Germany's degree of punishment.
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False. Woodrow Wilson differed from the opinions of the British and French leaders who sought revenge.
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The Allies believed that they were justified in enacting such a severe peace on Germany because...
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They were to blame for the war and all of the deaths and damage
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Why would President Wilson disagree with the statement that called for harsh punishments for Germany?
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He was all about the moral aspect and righteousness, and wanted peace instead of revenge. Thought that revenge and punishment would cause harsh feelings in the future.
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What is the name of Wilson's post-war plan?
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14 Points
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What was the purpose of the 14 Points?
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To prevent future wars and to spread democracy
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What were some parts of the Fourteen Point plan?
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Self determination Freedom of the seas Demilitarization End to secret alliances League of Nations
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What was meant by "self-determination". What was required to happen in order for it to be fulfilled?
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Self-government. Ethnic nationalist groups' demands are met
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Why was freedom of the seas in the 14 points?
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Tired of unrestricted submarine warfare
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What was a purpose of demilitarization?
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Prevent tension that had built up during arms race, no danger of attacks, peace time.
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What was the purpose of ending the secret alliances, as proposed in the 14 points?
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No more tensions or anger between nations, which caused the War
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What was the goal of the League of Nations?
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An international peacekeeping organization to promote diplomacy and negotiation.
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What is the criticism of Wilson's proposal of a League of Nations?
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To idealistic, naive, optimistic
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Who was the U.S. representative at the Paris Peace Confrence?
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Woodrow Wilson
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Who was the French representative at the Paris Peace Conference?
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Georges Clemenceau
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Who was the Italian rep. at the Paris Peace Conference?
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Vittorio Orlando
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Who was Great Britain's representative at the Paris Peace Conference?
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David Lloyd George
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Who was Belgium's representative at the Paris Peace Conference?
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Albert I
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Who was Japan's representative at the Paris Peace Conference?
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Emperor Yoshihito (Taisho)
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What country was missing from the Paris Peace Conference?
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Russia
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Why is Russia not included in the Paris Peace Conference?
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They left the war
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What does no involvement in the Paris Peace Conference mean for Russia?
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They have no say in the treaty or terms of the peace, they just have to deal with it.
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What are some provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?
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Germany must pay for the war in money and goods (reparations) Germany must hand over its colonies Germany must remove its troops from the Rhineland, an industrial area on the French border Germany may have no air force or submarines-only a small army and navy for protection German industry may not produce war supplies ""War Guilt Clause"- Germany must accept full responsibility for the war Territorial changes for self-determination in Eastern Europe Middle East Mandates League of Nations established
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What are the reasons behind why Germany must pay for the war in money and goods (reparations)?
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As punishment and revenge Attempt for the Allies to recuperate after the war
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What actually happens as a result of Germany having to pay such intense reparations?
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Bitterness from Germany Ruined economy
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What are the reasons why Germany must hand over its colonies?
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Harshly punish Germany Looking for ways to benefit themselves economically and politically with Spoils
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Why would Germany be forced to remove its troops from the Rhineland?
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Demilitarized BUFFER ZONE France doesn't want to take any chances, to prevent future invasions
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What is the Rhineland?
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An industrial area on the French border
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Why must Germany have no air force or submarines?
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So they can never expand again Forbid them from developing their military and attacking again
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What was Germany allowed in terms of military and navy as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?
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A small army and navy for protection- no offense
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Why is German industry banned from producing war supplies?
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Eliminate their ability to wage war in the future
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What is the purpose of the "War Guilt Clause"?
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Humiliation Trying to make this the new truth since the Allies are bitter and angry Trying to make them pay the price for attacking western democracies
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What was the purpose of territorial changes for self-determination in Eastern Europe?
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Allies are going to take land away from losing nations and create countries for various nationalist groups Western democracies want to promote democracy and self-determination. They are against big oppressive empires in Europe
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What was the purpose of Middle Eastern Mandates?
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Take away middle eastern colonies but they don't get self-determination White man's burden Those areas are strategically important- oil for machines Don't want to lose claims on oil and resources if they are independent
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What is the purpose of the League of Nations proposed in the Treaty of Versailles?
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Enforcement mechanism for all of the terms established by the Treaty of Versailles Use diplomacy and negotiation to work out problems and prevent war
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Why did some middle eastern countries support the Allies
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They hoped for independence after the war
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Where did the British have a mandate?
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Palestine
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When did the British gain their mandate in Palestine?
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July, 1922
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What causes the creation of a British mandate in Palestine?
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The British officials are making promises to the Arabs and the Jews
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What two things happen as a result of the British mandate in Palestine?
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The Jewish population increases violence between Arabs and Jews
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Where did the League of Nations have a mandate?
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The Middle East
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What was a problem about the mandates in the Middle East?
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They disregarded ethnic divisions, which led to sectarian problems in Iraq
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The French mandates in the Middle East were...
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Syria
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The British mandates in the Middle East were...
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Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine
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What area was lost by Russia to create another nation?
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Western Russia became Poland
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What area was occupied by the Central Powers by Russia after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
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Ukraine
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List some areas that were taken away from Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.
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Alsace-Lorraine Saarland Demilitarized Rhineland Dansig Corridor (Polish Corridor)
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What happened to Alsace-Lorraine?
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Taken back from Germany and given to France
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The Dansig Corridor was given to __________ by a plebiscite.
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Poland
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What was the importance of the Dansig Corridor?
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Access to the sea
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Which three nations received some German colonies in the Pacific?
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New Zealand, Australia, and Japan
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What did New Zealand receive as spoils?
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German Samoa
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What did Australia receive as spoils?
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Some German colonies in the Pacific
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What did Japan receive as spoils?
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German colonies in the Pacific north of the equator (0 degrees and up)
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Territories to be administered by Allies and given self-rule at a later date.
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Mandates
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True or False There no self-determination in Africa
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True. They became mandates
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What happened to former German posessions in Africa?
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they became mandates
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How did the British make out in terms of spoils in Africa?
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Achieved possessions from Cape to Cairo
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Which African country was the only one to gain independence?
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Egypt
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In what year did Egypt gain independence?
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1922
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True or False The Ottoman Empire was split up into Syria, Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine.
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True
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True or False Austria-Hungary remained in one piece.
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False. It was split into a number of small nationalist states that were slavic. For example, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia
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What was an UNEXPECTED effect of the repressive terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
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Humiliation of Germany led some German leaders to call for Germany to unite caused by embitterment from the terms of the Treaty
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What three things does Adolf Hitler call for to fight the Republic and restore Germany?
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1. Setting aside the Peace Treaty 2. Unification of all Germans 3. Land and soil to feed our nation
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According to the document, why is the Weimar government (republic) at fault?
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According to Hitler it is at fault because it was formed out of necessity during the country's humiliation after their defeat during World War I and forced to accept the Treaty. The Weimar government gave in to be weak, and Hitler blames his government.
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To what extent is the "movement" outlined by Hitler a nationalist movement?
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The movement outlined by Hitler is a nationalist movement to a large extend because it involves the Unification of all Germans (nationalist!) and gaining land and soil for feeding the people (gaining homeland --> nationalist!) He wants all of the Germans to unite together and to rid themselves of a western puppet government that betrayed them.
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How did the treatment of Germany under the Versailles treaty contribute to the rise of the Nazi party?
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The treatment of Germany under the Versailles treaty contributed to the rise of the Nazi party because it pitted Germans against the Allies for forcing them to endure humiliation and defeat. The Nazi party had a nationalist agenda for the unification of all Germans in response to the Treaty of Versailles. Their ultra-nationalism would do anything for the Fatherland, country, people. They are rooted in the oppressive treatment of Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.
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What could the Allies have done differently to avoid the desire for revenge amongst many Germans after the Great War?
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In order to avoid the desire for revenge amongst many Germans after the Great War, the Allies could have shared the blame amongst themselves and the Central Powers and not had such a harsh punishment. They should have thought that instead of the Germans just being destroyed and never attacking again, the losers should be more appeased so that they wouldn't seek revenge.
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Why was Italy disappointed in the Treaty of Versailles?
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They didn't get as much land spoils as they'd hoped
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Why was Japan disappointed in the Treaty of Versailles?
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Didn't get as many Pacific islands as they'd hoped.
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Why was China disappointed in the Treaty's outcome?
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Did not become an equal player in Asia that they had expected to become, like Japan
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Why was Russia disappointed in the Treaty of Versailles?
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Lost a lot of land
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True or False The United States was the first nation to join the League of Nations.
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False. They never joined the League of Nations
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Who was the leader in pre-Revolutionary Russia?
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Nicholas II
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What changes happened in pre-Revolutionary Russia under Nicholas II?
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Early industrialization Westernization
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Why was there discontent in Russia from the 1800s to early 1900s?
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Czarist rule loss against Japan Peasant unrest Problems of urban workers Diversity and nationalism
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How did czarist rule contribute to discontent in Russia?
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continued autocracy, no rights
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How did the loss against Japan contribute to discontent in Russia?
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humiliation hurts reputation of Nicholas II
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Why were peasants discontent in Russia?
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No upward mobility Don't own land Limits opportunities
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Why were urban workers in Russia discontent?
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Low pay, dangerous working conditions some cities --> industrialization
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How did diversity and nationalism contribute to discontent in Russia?
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Vast empire Ethnic groups --> desire for self-determination
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What happened during the Revolution of 1905?
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March to St. Petersburg Bloody Sunday Strikes and revolts spread
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What was the goal of the march to St. Petersburg?
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To present a petition to the czar for greater rights for the people and liberal reforms
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What event led to Bloody Sunday?
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The March to St. Petersburg
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What was Bloody Sunday?
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firing at protestors
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What were the results of the Revolution of 1905?
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'October Manifesto' Duma
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What was the October Manifesto?
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Compromise Promise for more liberal reforms Empty promise
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What was the Duma?
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parliamentary government Separation of power= checks and balances
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How did the people of Russia feel about the the Duma?
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Happy
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How did the Czar treat the Duma?
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Paid no attention to it
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How did soviets form?
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Nicholas II loses his grip on the government --> numerous local governments form
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Wife of Czar Nicholas II
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Alexandra Romanov
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Who was Alexandra Romanov under the influence of?
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Gregory Rasputin
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Why did Alexandra put so much trust in Rasputin?
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He had healed her son from his hemophilia.
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What began to discredit the monarchy?
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Scandals surrounding Rasputin
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What did Rasputin do that was out of line?
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He began to involve himself in the government
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Which nation was the least prepared for war to break out?
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Russia
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Why was Russia the least prepared for war?
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Did not have full support of people, limited industrialization
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What were sources of long term discontent and immediate problems in Russia in 1917?
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WWI- losing to Germany Food Shortages Autocratic War continues
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Why was Alexandra put in charge?
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Nicholas left for the front
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What happened during the March (February) Revolution?
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Duma declares itself a provisional governnment Tsar calls for soldiers to intervene, instead they join rebellion Tsar abdicates
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Who were two leaders of the Provisional Government?
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Menshevik Alexander Kerensky and Prince Lvov
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Why did the tsar abdicate after his soldiers rebelled against him?
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He had no government, no army, and no country
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What were some of Kerensky's goals?
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Gradual socialist reforms Changing Russia War was #1 priority
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What were the goals of the March revolution?
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Overthrow the czar Set up the new Russian republic
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What was the new Russian republic?
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democratic +reforms for lower classes but... government doesn't have support of people
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What are the results of the March Revolution?
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End of czarist rule Beginnings of a new constitution Continued war with Germany
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What were continuing problems under the provisional government?
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Continued loss of lives in WWI Continued food shortages Continued military defeats Return of Lenin
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What did the return of Lenin mean?
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Opposes czarist rule Will gain more support to challenge provisional government (Bolsheviks)
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Who helped Lenin to return from exile?
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The Germans
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In what city did Lenin arrive in Russia?
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Petrograd
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What did Lenin promise to the people upon his return?
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Peace, Land, and Bread
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What did Lenin mean by promising peace?
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With Germany
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What did Lenin mean by promising land?
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Redistribute land to peasants
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What did Lenin mean by promising bread?
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Ease food shortages
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How did Lenin feel about the war with Germany?
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A capitalist/imperialist war No rewards for peasants or workers War was over once Tsar abdicated
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What type of revolution was Lenin hoping to produce?
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A marxist revolution.
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How did Lenin adjust the idea of a marxist revolution to fit Russia?
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They did not have a large oppressed urban proletariat, so an elite group had to lead the overthrowing of the government and set up a new system "on behalf of the people"
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What was the Military-Revolutionary council?
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Lenin took control of the military
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What did the Petrograd Soviet pass that gave control of the army to common soldiers?
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Army Order #1
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What were the goals of the November Revolution?
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Bolshevik overthrow of Provisional Government Ideals of Karl Marx applied to Russia
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What is another name for the November Revolution?
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Bolshevik Revolution
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What happened during the November Revolution?
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Political Police=Cheka "Red Army" created-Trotsky in charge Bolshevik Party renamed Communist party
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What is the name of the Political Police?
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Cheka
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Who was in charge of the "Red Army"?
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Trotsky
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What were the results of the November Revolution?
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Provisional gov't loses power Bolshevik-run soviets control government End of private ownership of land Peace with Germany Outbreak of civil war
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What was the result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk for Russia?
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Loss of Russian Land Peace with Germany No say in Treaty of Versailles
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Who was the civil war in Russia fought between?
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"Reds" and Whites
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White was the ideology of the Whites?
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Anti-communism Anti-Lenin
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Who were the Whites supported by?
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the Allies
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What types of people were generally Whites?
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Royalists, landowners, factory owners, upper class
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What was the ideology of the "Reds"?
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Lenin's followers The government and military
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What was Lenin's Civil War Communism?
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Government takes over the economy Crops are redirected Brutal control 1921-chaos
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What system was enacted in Russia from 1917-1921?
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(Civil) War Communism
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What was backwards about Lenin's Civil War Communism?
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The government took over the economy, when it was supposed to be in common control of the people.
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How were crops redirected in War Communism?
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Crops grown by peasants were given to cities to deal with food shortages
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How did Civil War Communism show brutal control?
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Cheka No civil liberties
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How did Civil War Communism lead to chaos after 1921?
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Loss of population Destroyed economy
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What is the C.C.C.P?
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics abbreviation in Russian
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What does the U.S.S.R stand for?
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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How many republics were in the U.S.S.R?
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15
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Who was the leader of the U.S.S.R?
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Lenin
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Where was the U.S.S.R's capital?
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Moscow
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How many political parties were in the U.S.S.R.?
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ONE- Communist Party
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What is a totalitarian state?
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There is one party, and a dictator
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Explain the meaning of the new Soviet Union flag.
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A united sickle and hammer represents the industrialization and the workers, and the sickle is representative of the sickle. Really, they should have just had a picture of Lenin's face. That would be more accurate.
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Summarize Russia's history from WWI to the Revolution.
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-Russia was part of the Allies from 1914-1917 -Russian Revolution -In March (Feb.) Overthrow czar, set up provisional gov't -In November- Bolshevik Revolution- overthrow provisional gov't, execute czar, end involvement in WWI, Socialist/communist state under Lenin -Civil War- "Reds" vs. "Whites"
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What are two factors that caused Lenin to scrap war communism?
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Political opposition economic crisis
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Government makes all economic decisions.
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Command economy
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Economy devoted to war production, war on civilians like attacks on merchant ships, devoting economy to war supplies and less consumer goods. War on the home front as well as overseas.
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Total war
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Government takes over economy under Lenin, redirects crops.
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Civil War Communism
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Some capitalism was allowed in order to heal economy
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NEP
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Stalin's plan to eliminate kulaks in Ukraine especially
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Forced famine
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Trials for old bolsheviks, officers, and party members for "criticizing" Stalin, reign of terror, fake confessions induced by threats
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Show trials
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Used to control public opinion
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propaganda
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A war not of gaining land, but of outlasting.
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War of Attrition
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Why was much of the old Bolshevik party executed under Stalin?
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Didn't support Stalin's craziness, but had been loyal to Lenin's goals and aims. Criticized Stalin.
