World History, Unit 3 Study Guide – Flashcards
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Muhammad
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The founder of Islam. Considered by Muslims to be the last great prophet. According to legend Muhammad ascended into heaven and will return in the future.
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Islam: meaning of the word
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A monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in the seventh century A.D.
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Muslim: meaning of the word
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"One who has submitted"
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Ka'aba
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An ancient shrine located in the city of Mecca that contained over 360 idols.
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Mecca
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The city where Muhammad was born and wee he started to preach his religion Islam. Mecca was a very religiously diverse city.
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Medina
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The city where Muhammad and his followers migrated to after being attacked in Mecca. In Medina there religion would grow in members.
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Hijrah
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Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) in A.D. 622.
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Hajj
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A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims.
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Minaret
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A device that plays a noise to remind Muslims it's time to pray.
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Five pillars
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1. Statement of faith to Allah and to Muhammad as Prophet, 2. Prayer five times a day, 3. Giving alms or money to the poor, 4. Fasting between dawn and sunset during the holy month of Ramadan, 5. Performing the Hajj-pilgrimage to mecca at least once in a lifetime
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Dome of the Rock: location and significance
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Spot where Muhammad ascended into heaven.
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Sunna
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An Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad.
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Qur'an
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The holy book of Islam.
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Shari'a
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A body of law governing the lives of Muslims.
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Sunni
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The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad.
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Shi'a
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The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad.
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Achievements of the Golden Age of Islam
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The Islam kept learning going through the Dark Ages. Through architecture, astronomy, math, science, technology, art, and literature. Promoting learning and education.
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Justinian
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The body of Roman civil law collected and organized by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian around A.D. 534.
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Roman Catholicism
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Speak Latin, west, used idols
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Greek/Eastern Orthodox
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Speak Greek, east, did not use idols
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Hagia Sophia
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The Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian.
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Icon
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A religious image used by eastern Christians.
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Genghis Khan
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A military leader of the Mongols
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Middle Ages
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The era in European history that followed the fall of the RomanEmpire, lasting from about 500 to 1500-also called the medieval period.
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Clovis
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United franks under christianity.
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Treaty of Verdun
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Treaty that spilt up holy Roman Empire between Charlemagne grandchildren.
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Charlemagne-how did he come to power, how did he strengthen power, what happened after his death?
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Charlemagne increased education and limited the power of Nobles.
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German rulers vs. Roman rulers-who were the Germans loyal to, how did the Germans maintain their lifestyle?
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Germans lived in small tribes loyal to their tribe leaders. They stuck together in their tribes separate from others helping to maintain their lifestyle.
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Feudalism
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A political system in which nobles are granted the use of land that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.
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Feudal Pyramid
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The Feudal Pyramid is a visual aid that shows where every person in the Middle Ages falls in importance or power. A t the top and most powerful is the king. Below the king are Lords and Religious Officials. Below them are Knights. And at the very bottom are Peasants and Serfs.
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Code of Chivalry
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A code of behavior for Knights in medical Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion.
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Tithe
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A family's payment of one-tenth of its income to a church.
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Knight
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In medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback.
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Peasant
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Poor people that lived miserable lives but were satisfied thinking it was all part of Gods plan. They performed hard labor and lived in unsanitary conditions.
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Serf
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A medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord's estate.
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3 social classes in Medieval Europe-what are they?
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"Those who pray"-priests, "Those who fight"-knights, and "Those who work"-Peasants, feudal pyramid excluding the king.
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The Incarnation
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Jesus is both man and god.
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The Pope
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The Bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Sacrament
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One of the Christian ceremonies in which God's grace is transmitted to people.
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Pope Gelasius-how did he view power sharing between church and state?
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Papacy in charge of spiritual matters, Kings in charge of political matters.
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Creation of the Holy Roman Empire-how and by whom?
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Charlemagne
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Romanesque style
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The churches had round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars. The thick walls had tiny Windows that let in little light.
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Results of the Crusades
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The Muslims kept control over Jerusalem but Christians and Jews were allowed to travel to and enter the city. Trade was also opened but tensions between Christians and Muslims remained.
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Reconquista
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The effort by the Christians leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s to 1492.
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Population increase in Western Europe-why did it happen?
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The three field farming system allowed for more food to be grown allowing towns to sustain higher populations.
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Manga Carta
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"Great Charter"-a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in A.D. 1215.
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Model Parliment
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A legislative group that served as the model for later kings. It was comprised of Knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords.
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Hundred Years' War
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A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 1453.
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Bubonic Plague/Black Death
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A deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people.
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Fall of Western Roman Empire
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Invasion by Germanic Tribes. Which led to a deduction in trade. Spiking Inflation. And the country had bad leadership. Government was lost. The language changed. Tribes were loyal to individual tribe leaders. Large cities collapsed.
