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Jewish Beliefs and Democracy

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Moral Freedom Written legal code Personal choice

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Christian Beliefs and Democracy

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All people should be equal Everyone has value and worth

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When was the US Bill of Rights established?

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1689

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When was the Magna Carta established?

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1215

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What is the Magna Carta?

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a document that said the king could not raise taxes without first consulting the great concil of nobles and chruch leaders also called the great charter

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What was the declaration of independence?

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A document listing the complaints against King George and stating why America needed to be free from British rule.

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Who was the US Bill of Rights from?

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William and Mary

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Absolute monarchy

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a system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

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Democracy

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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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Constitutional monarchy

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A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

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Dictatorship

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a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

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Aristocracy

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A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

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Glorious Revolution

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The overthrow of English King James II in 1688 and his replacement by William and Mary.

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Ten Commandments

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A set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bible, were given to Moses by God.

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Separation of powers

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the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

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Direct Democracy

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A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

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Natural Rights

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the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

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US Declaration of Independence

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document declaring the U.S. to be independent from the British Crown

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French declaration of the rights of man

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French version of the Declaration of Independence after the French Revolution

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Divine Right

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Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from God.

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James 1

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belived in divine rite of kings, did not get along with parliament and the Puritans

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Charles 1

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Enforced Divine Right. Bring more Absolutist policies to England .Also brought too much Catholic influence. Tried and Executed in 1649 as a "tyrant,traitor, murderer, and public enemy"

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Oliver Cromwell

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English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

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William and Mary

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These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament

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Plato

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Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled

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Aristotle

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Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

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US Constitution

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The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.

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Natural Law

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Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves.

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Social Contract

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an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society

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English Civil War

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civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

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Puritan

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a Protestant group that wanted to reform, or purify the Church of England

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French Revolution

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The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

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American Revolution

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This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

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Philosophes

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Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

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Voltaire

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French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

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Locke

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Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

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Rousseau

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believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property

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Montesquieu

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(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government (seperation of powers)

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Hobbes

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English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign.

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Enlightenment

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a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

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John Adams

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A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.

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Thomas Jefferson

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He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

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Third Estate

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Largest of the Three Estates, made up of Bourgeoisie, Peasants, and Urban Workers. Had the least money and power but paid the virtually all of the taxes.

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Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

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slogan of the french revolution that inspired nationalist feelings and the goal of the revolution

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Reign of Terror

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This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed

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Robespierre

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A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

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Estates-General

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The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime.

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Marie Antoinette

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queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

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Hapsburg

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name of the Austrian ruling family who controlled that land as well as Spain, Netherlands, and part of Italy

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Madame Deficit

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Marie Antoinette's nickname

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law

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Jacobins

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Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

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Bastille Day

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a legal holiday in France celebrating the storming of the Paris bastille in 1789

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Underlying causes of the French Revolution

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1) Inequalities of the social system 2) The opposition of the intellectuals to the status quo 3) The absolute power of the French monarchy 4) Personal inadequacies of kings 5) Financial crisis- France is going bankrupt

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Napoleon

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A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.

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Napoleon's accomplishments

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Napoleon... 1) set up method of tax collection 2) established a national banking system 3) dismissed corrupt officials 3) set up lycées 4) signed a concordat 5) made Napoleonic code

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Napoleon's empire

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The empire ruled by Napoleon; composed of three parts: the French Empire (the inner core of the grand empire), the dependant states (under the rule of Napoleon's relatives) and allied states (those defeated by Napoleon)

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Scorched-earth policy

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Burning live stock and crops to prevent the enemy from living off the land

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Klemens von Metternich

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This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression

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Congress of Vienna

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Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

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Goal of the Congress of Vienna

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wanted to check French ambitions but they had to keep France powerful enough to counter the powers of Prussia and Russia

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Holy Alliance

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Alliance of Russia, Austria, and Prussia to safeguard the principles of Christianity and maintain the international status quo after the Napoleonic Wars

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Concert of Europe

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Alliances devised by prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent outbreak of revolutions.

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Agricultural Revolution

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The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

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Louis Pasteur

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germ theory, developed a vaccine for rabies, pasteurization

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Geographic advantages for England

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They were an island

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Steam Engine

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1760's; James Watt; engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3X as quickly as previous engines

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Marx

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founder of modern communism, wrote The Communist Manifesto

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Engels

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developed communist theory with Karl Marx. Co-wrote the Communist Manifesto

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Industrial Revolution growth of cities

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Urbanization, rapid growth of cities

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Enclosure Movement

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This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work

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Labor Unions

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Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

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Industrial Revolution in England

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the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production.

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land, labor, capitol

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three factors of production

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Urbanization

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the growth of cities and the migration of people into them

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Views on the middle class

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Lived in nice homes, business owners

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Stockholders

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A group of people that make up a corporation by sharing ownership in a certain company

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Reform Movement

answer

a movement intended to bring about social and humanitarian reforms

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City Conditions

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Horibble odor, no sanitation, no running water, disease, packed apartments, little light

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Free-market system

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Pure capitalism, in which all economic decisions are made without government intervention.

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Artistic Movement

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a group of artists who agree on general principles

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Charles Dickens "Hard times"

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-Depicted in detail his views of industry, mundane labor -Showed hypocrisy of a society that preached Christian morality but permitted abuses to go on -Exploitation of the working class fostered tensions -Dickens believed social institutions caused the misery of downtrodden -Showed realism in literature -Our excerpt described the dank, dirty city as being a machine in contrast with nature, which was peaceful though getting muddled by the industry

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European Imperialist desires

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A person who supports the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

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Inventor of steel making process

answer

Henry Bessemer

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Inventor of telegraph

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Samuel Morse

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Father of Capitalism

answer

Adam Smith

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Father of Communism

answer

Karl Marx

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Entrepreneur

answer

someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it

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Adam Smith's written work

answer

The Wealth of Nations

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Karl Mark's written work

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The Communist Manifesto

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Communism

answer

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

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Capitalism

answer

an economic system based on private property and free enterprise

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Socialism

answer

an economic system based on state ownership of capital

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Utilitarianism

answer

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

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Utopianism

answer

the political orientation of a utopian who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes social perfection

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Marxism

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The theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability.

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realism

answer

the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth

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romanticism

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a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

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Coal miners

answer

factory poorly lighted, hot, hazardous, dust fill air, black lung, underground, family force children to work, young boys as 10 worked, bonded Unions

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Child laborers

answer

As young as 6 years old, 12-14 hour days, 6 days a week; half hour lunch, 1 hour dinner.

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