World History NCFE Review – Flashcards
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civilization
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territory in which people have developed organization
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5 aspects of civilization
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records, institutions, technology, specialization, advanced cities
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cultural diffusion
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process during which ideas, beliefs or goods spread from one group of people to another
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mummification
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process of embalming the dead to prevent decaying, utilized in Ancient egypt
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Harappa
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major city in Indus River Valley, known for both its city planning and its plumbing system
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Fertile Crescent
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area of land characterized by rich farmland in SW Asia, considered to be the "cradle of civilization"
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polytheism
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religion with more than one deity or god
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Hammurabi's Code
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first written code of laws given by Babylonians after conquering Mesopotamia
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theocracy
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form of government based on religious power or appointment from a deity, leader = divine figure
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pharaoh
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ruler of Egypt who had absolute power and was considered to be a god himself
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Mesopotamia
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first known civilization, developed the wheel and cuneiform, established on the Tigris an Euphrates Rivers
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Indo-Europeans
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Group of people who migrated suddenly from the steppes into Europe, India, Africa and SW Asia
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Hittites
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An Indo-European people group who settled in Anatolia but eventually migrated and forced Egypt to sign a peace treaty
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Indo-Aryans
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Group f people who existed on the Indian subcontinent, possibly emerged from the Indo-Europeans, had caste system
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Vedas
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collections of sacred writings produced by the Aryans, became the sacred text of Hinduism
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Karma
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the concept that actions and deeds cause the cycle of cause and effect ( good actions vs. bad actions -> impact on one's life)
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Enlightenment
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state of perfect wisdom, aspired to by both Hindus and Buddhists
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Caste System
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strict social structure that determines much of one's life, established at birth
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Buddhism
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religion based on Dharma (teachings of Siddhartha), the Eightfold path and the four noble truths
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Hinduism
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religion based on the Vedas, believes in reincarnation based on karma until one reaches enlightenment, like caste system
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Reincarnation
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belief that people's spirits continue to be reborn into the world until enlightenment or nirvana is achieved
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Filial piety
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devotion to one's family, as emphasized by the Chinese philosophy of Confucianism
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Islam
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Abrahamic faith that points to Muhammad as the final prophet, requires followers to commit to its Five Pillars
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Christianity
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teaches that humans are inherently evil, but that Jesus paid the penalty and offers eternal life through a relationship with him
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Nirvana
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state of release from pain and suffering, ends the cycle of reincarnation
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Four Noble Truths
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the essence of Buddha's teachings identify the truth of suffering, cause of suffering, end of suffering, and path to end suffering
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Trojan War
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A 10-year war fought in which the Mycenaean army attacked the city of Troy
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Homer
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the author of the Illiad and the Odyssey, and I revered as the greatest of ancient Greek poets
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Persian War
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a series of wars fought between the Persian Empire and the Greeks
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Phalanx
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a military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields
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Peloponnesian War
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a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies
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Macedonia
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a region located to the north of Greece, birthplace of Alexander the Great
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Hellenistic
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a combination of Roman, Hellenistic and Greek cultures prominent within the empire of Alexander the Great, a blend of cultures formed during Alexander the Great's rule of Greece and the surrounding territories
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Philosopher
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a thinker who uses logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society and morality
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Alexander the Great
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leader who conquered Greece, Egypt and Persian and was known for his ability to rule with tolerance
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Darius III
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Persian king who fled from Alexander's army multiple times, his family was captured by Alexander yet protected
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Consul
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one of the two elected officials in the Roman Republic who was in control of the army and government
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Punic Wars
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a series of three wars between Rome and Carthage, significant because it asserted the strength of a young Rome
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Pax Romana
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a 200-year period of peace within the borders of the Roman Empire, began with the rule of Augustus
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Plebeian
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a member of Roman society who was a common farmer, artisan, or merchant; majority of the population
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Augustus
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formally known as Octavian, consolidated power after the death of Marc Antony and called himself the "exalted one"
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Patrician
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a member of Roman society who was part of the wealthy, privileged upper class
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Republic
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form of government in which power rests with the citizens to vote for their leaders/representatives
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Triumvirate
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a group of three leaders who shared control of the Roman government (1st - Caesar, 2nd Augustus and Marc Antony)
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Hannibal
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Carthaginian leader who took his troops (with elephants) north to attack Rome
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Constantine
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Roman emperor who converted to Christianity and ended the persecution with the Edict of Milan
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Diocletian
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Roman emperor, known for limiting personal freedoms (especially toward Christians) and dividing the empire
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Atilla
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a powerful Hun chieftain credited with attacking and causing the eventual collapse of the Roman Empire
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Aqueduct
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a pipe line or channel built to carry water to populated areas, the Romans utilized this for extensive empire
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Constantinople
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capital of the Easter Roman Empire (and later the Byzantines), named for the emperor who built it
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Qur'an
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holy text of Islam
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Shari'a
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Islamic body of law to regulate life of Muslims, based on Sunna and Qur'an
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Umayyads
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Islamic caliphates after period of civil war, Shi'a/Sunni split occurs as a result
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Hajj
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Pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
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Mosque
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Islamic place of worship
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House of Wisdom
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located in Baghdad, center of advancement and education during Islamic Golden Age
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Chandra Gupta II
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Indian emperor, secured borders, increased trade and ushered in the Golden Age
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Muhammad
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the last prophet of Allah who became a political and military leader of the Muslims
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Allah
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Islamic deity
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Ka'abah
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large cube structure in Mecca to which Muslims pray regularly
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Sahara
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largest desert in the world, located in Africa
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Sunni
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Branch of Islam whose members believe that Muslim rulers should follow the Sunna
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Ezana
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Aksum king who conquered territory and converted to Christianity
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Caliph
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Supreme religious and political leader in Muslim government
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Shi'a
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branch of Islam whose members believe that only descendants of Muhammad are rightful rulers
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Abbasids
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Islamic caliphates, overthrew Umayyads, experienced Golden Age
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Gupta Empire
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India's second empire, experienced Golden Age of India
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Islam
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Religion based on Muhammad's teachings of the Five Pillars as directed by Allah
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Kingdom of Aksum
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Early African kingdom, became large international trading center until Islamic invaders
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Asoka
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Mauryan emperor converted to Buddhism, became non-violent & tolerant of other religions
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Persians
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Cyrus the Great (use of satraps), Darius the Great (Royal Road)
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New Kingdom
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Egyptian golden age, Akhenaten, Tutankhamen, Ramses II
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Harrapans
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Indus River valley, indoor plumbing mysterious disappearance
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Qin Dynasty
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Commissioned the Great Wall of China, burning of books, legalism
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Assyrians
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Extremely militaristic, conquered Phoenicians, conquered by Persians
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Han Dynasty
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Utilized the Silk Road, Empress Lu, Wang Mang
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Olmec and Zapotec
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Early Mexico structured city-center at Monte Alban
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Hittites
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Chariots, iron weapons, peace treaty with Egypt
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Chavin, Nazca, Moche
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Early Peru, mysterious lines that form images on the ground
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Phoenecians
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Phonetic alphabet, purple dye, use of Carthage as a commercial shipping colony
