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Muslim

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A follower of Islam

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Mosque

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Islamic place of worship

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Five Pillars of Islam

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True Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

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Islam

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A monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in 7th century, means "submission to the will of Allah"

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Caliph

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A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

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Silk Roads

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A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods

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Justinian Code

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The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534.

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patriarch

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A principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity

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St. Cyril

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A missionary in the 9th century who invented an alphabet for the Slavic language.

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Eastern Orthodox

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Religion practiced in the Byzantine Empire

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Orthodox

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In agreement with established or generally accepted beliefs or ways of doing things

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Constantinople

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Capital of the Ottoman Empire, now known as Istanbul

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Byzantium

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The civilization that developed from the eastern roman empire following the death of the emperor Justinian until the fall of Constantinople in 1453

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Roman Catholic

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Relating to the christian church that developed in the Byzantine empire and is under the authority of the pope

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Schism (Christianity & Islam)

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Division; split

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Pope

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The bishop of Rome and supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church

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Genghis Khan

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A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia. His name means "universal leader."

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Shintoism

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Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship

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Shogun

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The supreme military commander of Japan

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Middle Ages

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The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance

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Midieval

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Referring to the Middle Ages

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Charlemagne

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Frankish king who conquered much of Western Europe and was a great patron of leterature and learning. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800.

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Fuedalism

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A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land.

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Chivalry

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A code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle.

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Fiefs

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Pieces of land given to vassals by their lord

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Manor System

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economic plan by which a knight allowed peasants to farm land on his estate in return for food or other payment

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Vassals

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lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord in return for military service and loyalty

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Franks

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group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis

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Serfs

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rural laborers, or peasants, who were the poorest members of society, that worked the lord's land in exchange for protection

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Holy Roman Empire

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Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

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Monastic

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removed from worldly concerns; extremely plain or secluded

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Monk

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a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God

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Papacy

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The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.

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Nun

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a woman who has taken a sacred vow to devote her life to prayer and service to the church

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Convent

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a religious community in which women, or nuns live and pray

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hanseatic league

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An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401)

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agrarian

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relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land

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crusades

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A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

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inquisition

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church court set up to stamp out heresy

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commercial revolution

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the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries

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william the conquerer

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Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.

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magna carta

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A legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights and limited the power of the King

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black death

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Plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the 14th century it significantly reduced Europe's population and affected social structure.

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bubonic plague

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Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people

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hundred years war

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conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states

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sacking of constantinople

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During the Fourth Crusade (1202-1204), in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and conquered the Eastern Orthodox city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. This is seen as one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church.

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heresy

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an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred

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heretic

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a person who holds beliefs that are contrary to the teachings of a church or other group

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parliament

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a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

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monotheism

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belief in a single God

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mansa musa

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this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa

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timbuktu

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a trading city in central Mali near the Niger river that became a center of wealth and learning.

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aztec

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a member of the Nahuatl people who established an empire in Mexico that was overthrown by Cortes in 1519

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maya

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people of the Mesoamerican cuture that made great advances in math, astronomy, and the calendar. they lived in Guatemala, the Honduras and near Mexico's Yuclata'n peninsula

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tenochtitlan

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Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

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renaissance

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The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

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city-states

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Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers

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gutenberg printing press

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Invented in 1440's; prototype for mass production; transmitted knowledge globally; brought about nationalism; books decreased in cost.

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utopia

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an ideal society; perfect

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indulgences

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pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment

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protestant reformation

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a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

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john calvin

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religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

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elizabeth 1

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A queen of England- "The Virgin Queen"- who brought England back out of Catholicism and incorporated some Calvinist ideas into Anglicism

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counter reformation

answer

the reform movement within the roman catholic church whose goals were to abolish abuses and reaffirm traditional beliefs

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henery viii

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Established church of england, influenced protestant reformation

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theocracy

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the belief in government by divine guidance

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huguenots

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French Protestants

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jesuit order

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Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534

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niccolo machiavelli

answer

(1469-1527) Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).

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martin luther

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a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

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european exploration

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voyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century

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dutch east india company

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Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

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manchu

answer

the race of people who conquered China and founded the Qing Dynasty

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circumnavigate

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to sail around the world

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encomienda system

answer

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

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columbian exchange

answer

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

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capitalism

answer

an economic system based on private property and free enterprise

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merchantilism

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the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys

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hacienda system

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similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners; few people owned land.

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absolute monarch

answer

A king or queen with complete authority over the government and people in a kingdom

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phillip ii

answer

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.

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divine

answer

devoted to or in the service or worship of a deity

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divine right

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the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

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edict of nantes

answer

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

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louis xiv

answer

(1618-1648) This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France

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thirty years war

answer

This was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe

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treaty of westphalia

answer

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

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peter the great

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czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

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hapsburg spain

answer

- Attitude: Nobility shouldn't work - Spanish Armada was lost - Revolts

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english bill of rights

answer

document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament

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scientific revolution

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an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method

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scientific methods

answer

a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

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heliocentric theory

answer

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

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age of reason

answer

Enlightenment thinkers during this time period encouraged people to create a just or fair society based on reason.

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american revolution

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This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people to protect the rights of citizens in a democracy, it lead to the formation of the independent United States.

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declaration of independence

answer

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

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elightenment

answer

a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

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constittution

answer

is a country's formal document that spells out the principles by which its government operates

question

estates-general

answer

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution

question

louis xvi

answer

King of France during the french revolution who was executed for treason by the National Convention he was executed along with his wife Marie Antoinette in 1793. he sent money and military aid to help the patriots

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napoleon bonaparte

answer

rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 at Waterloo.

question

reign of terror

answer

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

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congress of vienna

answer

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

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declaration of the rights of man

answer

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

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nationalism

answer

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

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nation-state

answer

A country who's population share a common identity.

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otto von bismark

answer

Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire.

question

emancipation of serfs

answer

Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained

question

industrial revolution

answer

Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power

question

steam engine

answer

1760's; James Watt; engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3X as quickly as previous engines

question

corporation

answer

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

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laissez-faire

answer

the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

question

socialism

answer

an economic system based on state ownership of capital

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communism

answer

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership

question

marxism

answer

The theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability.

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labor union

answer

an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

question

communist manifesto

answer

Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published in 1848 that describes the basic principles of communism and calls for a working class revolution.

question

frederich engles

answer

Believed the Industrial Revolution was for the worst because of the burden it put on the working class

question

karl marx

answer

founder of modern communism

question

wealth of nations

answer

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

question

suffrage

answer

right to vote

question

assembly line

answer

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

question

charles darwin

answer

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

question

social darwinism

answer

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

question

imperialism

answer

a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries

question

berlin conference

answer

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

question

paternalism

answer

the policy or practice of treating or governing people in the manner of a father dealing with his children

question

cecil rhodes

answer

British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa

question

suez canal

answer

a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

question

british east indian company

answer

A 17th century joint-stock company founded to trade with India to Britain's advantage

question

indian national congress

answer

Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule.

question

muslim league

answer

organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule.

question

opium wars

answer

conflict between Britain and China in 1839 over the Opium trade

question

spheres of influence

answer

areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly

question

spanish-american war

answer

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

question

monroe doctorine

answer

james monroe's statement warning european nations not to colonize or interfere in the americas

question

panama canal

answer

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

question

open door policy

answer

American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations

question

russo-japanese war

answer

A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

question

sino-japanese war

answer

A war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory

question

militarism

answer

policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war

question

fourteen points

answer

wilson's plan for world peace following world war I

question

treaty of versailes

answer

Peace agreement intended to end the Great War and all future wars

question

woodrow wilson

answer

28th President of the United States

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world war 1

answer

War fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Central and Allied Powers. The United States joined the Allied Powers in 1917, helping them to victory.

question

leauge of nations

answer

an international organazation up after World War I to prevent future wars

question

vladimir lenin

answer

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

question

Bolshevik party

answer

the party that seized power under Lenin's leadership.

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joseph stalin

answer

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union

question

mahatmas ghandi

answer

A 20th-century Indian who helped lead his country to independence by using nonviolent resistance to colonial rule.

question

bloody sunday

answer

1905, peaceful protest to Czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, 100s died

question

totalitarian

answer

referring to a form of government in which one person or party holds absolute control

question

ussr

answer

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

question

leon trotsky

answer

Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution

question

third reich

answer

The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.

question

adolf hitler

answer

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

question

fascism

answer

a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)

question

isolationism

answer

a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

question

weimar republic

answer

The german government from 1917-1933 overthrown by Nazis

question

national social party

answer

Hitler's government party

question

winston church hill

answer

Prime Minister of england

question

final solution

answer

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

question

holocaust

answer

a mass killing or slaughter of jews

question

world war 2

answer

1941-1945: US against Germany, Italy, and Japan

question

harry truman

answer

elected Vice President in Roosevelt's 4th term

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