world history Chapter 23 – all sections – Flashcards
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Old Regime
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social and political system of France in the 1770s
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estates
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The three social classes into which France was divided before the French Revolution, including the clergy, the aristocracy, and the common people
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The Third Estate
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was 98% percent of Frances population. The third estate contained three parts to it. (1) a city-dwelling middle class called the bourgeoisie, (2) urban lower class, (3) peasants. The bourgeoisie was the fastest and richest growing part of the third estate. They staged the French Revolution.
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The First Estate
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The clergy made up the first estate. They included archbishops, bishops, abbots, parish priests, monks, and nuns. There were 400,000 of them which made up 2% of the population
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The Second Estate
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made up of rich nobles. Only made up 2% od population, but owned 20% of land and paid almost no taxes. most hated enlightenment ideas b/c they threatened their status.
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Forces of Change
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1) Enlightenment Ideas 2) Economic Troubles 3) A Weak Leader
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Louis XVI
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king of France from 1774 to 1792 his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793)
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Marie Antoinette
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queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
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Estates-General
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an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France
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National Assembly
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French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789
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Tennis Court Oath
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pledge made by members of France's National Assembly in which they vowed to continue meeting until a new constitution was drawn up
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Storming of the Bastille
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July 14, 1789 event; 1st sybolic act of violence against the monarchy the beginning of the French Revolution
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Great Fear
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a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789.
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Why were members of the Third Estate dissatisfied with life under the Old Regime?
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It was unfair for them to be heavily taxed.
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The rights of man
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A document which was similar to the American Declaration of Independence; it preserved French citizens' natural rights.
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A State controlled Church
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Many of National Assembly's reforms focused on the church. They took over Church lands and declared that church officials and priests should be paid as state officials. The Catholic Church lost both it's lands and its political independence. They used the proceeds from the sale of land to pay off France's debt. This alarmed many devout French Catholics. Even though the thought that the church and state should be together was and Enlightenment idea, many Catholics were offended.
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June 1791
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Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI try to escape from Paris
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Legislative Assembly
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A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war
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Factions split France
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Food shortages and government debt still caused problems. The Legislative Assembly split into three groups.
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Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
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slogan of the french revolution that inspired nationalist feelings and the goal of the revolution
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Emigres
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Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces
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sans-culottes
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in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
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Jacobin
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(in the French Revolution) a member of a radical society or club of revolutionaries that promoted the Reign of Terror and other extreme measures, active chiefly from 1789 to 1794: so called from the Dominican convent in Paris, where they originally met.
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Jean-Paul Marat
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French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793), Published a radical journal called Friend of the People.
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guillotine
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a device used during the French Revolution for beheading people
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Georges Danton
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the newly appointed minister of justice who led the sans-culottes in revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted the popular will.
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Maximilien Robespierre
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Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and lead the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time
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Reign of Terror
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This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed
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End of the Terror
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Finally Robespierre goes too far and is arrested and sentenced to death., he is the last victim of the terror.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
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Coup d'Etat
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Napoleon ended the Directory in a coup d'etat and substituted a strong dictatorship for a weak one. Coup d'etat means "Blow to the state"
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plebiscite
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a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal.
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lycees
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government run public schools
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concordat
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Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholocism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution
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Napoleonic Code
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This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy
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December 2, 1804
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Napoleon was crowned the Emperor of France in an elaborate ceremony in the Notre Dame Catherdral in Paris
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Battle of Trafalgar
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an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.
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Josephine
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The first love and wife of Napoleon, she exerted great influence and style in France. Napoleon divorced her when she could not produce his children.
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Marie Louise
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niece of Marie Antoinette; part of Hapsburg family (Austria); mother of Napoleon I; 2nd wife of Napoleon
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blockade
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the shutting of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out
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Continental System
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Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
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guerrilla
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spanish peasant fighter, supported by British to rebel against French king put in Spain by Napoleon
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Peninsular War
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a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.
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The Invasion of Russia
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Napoleon tried to invade but Russians dont fight and retreat, leaving the Grand Army with no food -only 40,000 survived
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scorched-earth policy
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Destroying crops and livestock so that one's enemy has nothing to use for food as they invade. Used by the Russians when Napoleon invaded in 1812.
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September 7, 1812
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two armes, French and Russian, clash at the battle of Borodino.
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October, 1813
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the month Napoleon faces European allies outside of Leipzig
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Napoleon surrenders
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april 1814
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March 1, 1815
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Napoleon escaped from Elba and was received joyously.
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Waterloo
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the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians
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Hundred Days
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The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France
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Congress of Vienna
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Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)
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Klemens von Metternich
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the Austrian foreign minister who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna; claimed that he was guided by the principal of legitimacy
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balance of power
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the distribution of power among nations so that no single nation can dominate or interfere with another
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legitimacy
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Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored
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Holy Alliance
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Coalition of Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815 at the request of Alexander I of Russia, signed in Vienna on September 26, 1815. Was to instill the Christian values of charity and peace in European political life. Monarchs used this to prevent revolutionary influence (French Revolution) from entering these nations. It was against democracy, revolution, and secularism.
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Concert of Europe
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a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
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peninulares
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the highest calls, officials went from spain to rule the colonies.
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What were the three points of Metternich's plan for Europe?
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1) The Containment of France 2) Balance of Power 3) Legitimacy
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What was the long term legacy of the Congress of Vienna?
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1) Diminised the power of France 2) Increased the power of Britain and Portugal 3) Nationalism began to spread
