World Cultures South Asia Test- Fuller – Flashcards
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Mahatma
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"great soul"
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Bapu
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father
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ahimsa
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non-violence
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satyagraha
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civil disobedience
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ashram
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community of Hindus
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Jinnah
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founder of Pakistan (Muslim)
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Nehru
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first prime minister of India (Hindu)
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untouchables
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the lowest class of people
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home rule
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freedom, independence
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salt march
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240 miles over 27 days
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fakir
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a mystical, wise person; an ascetic
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sedition
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treason against an established government
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Amritsar
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where the massacre occurred (instigated by General Dyer)
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Raj Ghat
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a memorial dedicated to Gandhi's life
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Gandhi Jayanti
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October 2nd, Gandhi's birthday, a national holiday in India and known around the world as the international day of nonviolence
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Himalaya Mountains
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a system of parallel mountain ranges that contain the world's highest mountains
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subcontinent
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a large landmass that is smaller than a continent
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alluvial plains
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lands that are rich farmlands
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archipelago
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an island group
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atoll
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an island that is the top of a submerged volcano and is surrounded by coral reefs and shallow lagoons
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monsoons
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seasonal winds
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cyclone
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a violent storm with fierce winds and heavy rains
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Hinduism
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the religion of most Indians
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Ganges River
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not only an important water source, but also a sacred river to the Hindus
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storm surge
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high waters brought by cyclones
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estuary
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an arm of the sea at the lower end of the river
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Mughal Empire
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an empire that the Muslims had established in India by the early 1500s
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Raj
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the period of direct British control
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nonviolent resistance
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a protest movement that does not use violence to achieve its goals
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land reform
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a more balanced distribution of land among farmers than now exists
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Green Revolution
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a program that increased crop yields
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caste system
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the Aryan system of social classes
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Indus Valley Civilization
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the largest of the world's first civilizations
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partition
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division
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Kashmir
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a territory that was largely fought over by Pakistan and India
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microcredit
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a policy that makes small loans available to poor entrepreneurs
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entrepreneurs
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people who start and build a business
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Ramadan
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a month-long period of fasting from sunrise to sunset
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Constitutional Monarchies
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kingdoms in which the rulers power are limited by a constitution
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Sherpas
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people from the high Himalayas
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Siddharta Guatama
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the founder of Buddhism
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Mandalas
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geometric designs that are symbols of the universe
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Sinhalese
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people from the northern plains of India that crossed the strait separating the subcontinent from Sri Lanka
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Tamils
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Dravidian Hindus from Southern India
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Sultans
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six dynasties of southern rulers
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basic necessities
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food, clothing, and shelter
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literacy
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the ability to read or write
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Indo-Pakistani War
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a year-long war over Kashmir
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capital of Sri Lanka
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Colombo
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capital of Bangladesh
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Dhaka
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capital Bhutan
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Thimphu
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capital of Maldives
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Male
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capital of Nepal
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Kathmandu
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capital of India
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New Delhi
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capital of Pakistan
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Islamabad
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Gandhi's Seven Deadly Sins
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wealth without work; pleasure without conscience; science without humanity; knowledge without character; politics without principle; commerce without morality; worship without sacrifice
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Which country in South Asia is the world's most populous democratic region?
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India
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What are the two most popular religions in India?
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60% Hindu and 30% Muslim
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What are the 4 distinct regions of India
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North, South of Himalayas, West, and Far South
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What is in the North region of India?
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The Himalayas and The Karakoram mountains
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What is the tallest mountain in the world and where is it located?
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Mt. Everest; it is in the Himalayas
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What are the two main things located south of the Himalayas?
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The Ganges River and the Punjab
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What was important about the Ganges River?
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It was sacred to the Indian people because they believed the goddess Ganga came down to earth and took the form of the Ganges River.
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What was the Punjab?
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It was called the "Land of Five Rivers". It was partitioned between India and Pakistan
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What is located in the West part of India?
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the Indus River Valley
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What was the Indus River Valley like in the past, and what is it like today?
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back then it was the cradle of Indian civilization, but today it is dry
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What is located in the Far South region of India?
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the Deccan
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What was the Deccan?
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a region of hills and an upland plateau
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What fraction of the world lives in India, and what fraction of the world's poorest inhabitants live in India?
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1/5 of the world's population lives in India, and 2/3 of the world's poorest inhabitants live in India
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1/2 of the people in India would make how many dollars a day?
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$1
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1/2 of the children in India, mostly girls, were what?
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malnourished and underfed.
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Why were the children malnourished and underfed?
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22% of the worlds population lived on 3% of the land area. Also, India lacked resources to raise living standards for its hundreds of millions of subsistence farmers. Also, tradition caused the privileged people to be reluctant to open doors to the less privileged people. Finally, there were years of economic oppression under British rule.
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Where did many people believe that some of the earliest Indian people developed?
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along the banks of the Indus River
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What was Harappa?
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one of the earliest fully formed metroplexes
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What became more important to the Indian people as their towns got bigger and bigger?
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arts and crafts
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In what year did India gain its independence from Britain?
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1947
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Who was Genghis Khan?
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He was the leader of the Mongol tribe. In the 1250s, Khan and the Mongols occupied the Punjab.
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When did the Mongols break up and what did it lead to?
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They broke up in the 14th century, and it lead to various minor dynasties.
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What tribe came after the Mongols?
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the Mughals
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Who were the Mughals, and what did they do?
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They came in the 16th century, they united the subcontinent, they were Muslims. The Portuguese arrived first
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What was the Taj Mahal, and where was it built?
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It is a tomb built by a Mongol honoring his wife. It was built in the city of Agra
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Why were many Hindus converting to Islam during this time?
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the "Untouchables" found egalitarianism of Islam attractive.
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What were the Muslims mainly trying to do at this time?
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they tried to maintain distinction between themselves and the Hindus they ruled
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Who were the first people to really try to reconcile differences between the faiths?
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The Mughals
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What was British colonialism motivated by?
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European powers in search of raw materials, trade markets, and political influence
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What was the result of British colonialism?
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it exploited rivalries between Hindu and Muslim
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What did the British emerge as during the time of British colonialism?
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they emerged as the dominant trading power
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What did the British East India Company do?
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they controlled Indian trade and had governing power.
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What were the effects of colonialism?
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four centuries of European intervention shaped the realm's cultural, economic, and political directions
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What did India already have when the British arrived?
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thriving metal and textile industries and an active trade with countries in the southwest and southeast.
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Why did the British carve India up into administrative entities?
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to appease cultural and religious differences, but over time this deepened disunities in India
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What were the British's positive contributions to India?
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railroads, roads, and irrigation
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What was the Indian National Congress?
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It was mostly upperclass, but it was hard to reconcile religious differences. It was led by Gandhi and Nehru
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On what day did the British declare that there would be two independent nations, and what were they?
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August 15, 1947; Hindu India, and Muslim Pakistan
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What is the country that used to be called East Pakistan called today?
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Bangladesh
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What year did East Pakistan become called Bangladesh?
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1971
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What was Kashmir?
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Like the Punjab, Kashmir was a very fought over land between the Hindus and Muslims. It was a very fertile land
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What country dominates the subcontinent of South Asia?
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India
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What capital is located on the Tropic of Cancer?
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Dhaka
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What large country dominates the northern border of the subcontinent? Which border territory has been fought over by India and Pakistan since independence?
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China; Kashmir
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What bodies of water border the subcontinent?
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Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Laccadive Sea
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What three major rivers start in the Himalayan Mountains?
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Indus River, Ganges River, and Brahmaputra River
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What mountain range on the west protected the subcontinent from invasion?
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Hindu Kush
