question

3 major components of wildlife mgmt

answer

animal, habitat and people

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Conservation Biology

answer

a synthesis of many basic sciences

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Job opportunities in Wildlife Mgmt

answer

Wildlife manager, wildlife biologist, wildlife educator, public educator, wildlife law enforcement, wildlife technician, etc.

question

What is wildlife?

answer

all vertebrates sometimes invertebrates

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Nationally managed wildlife:

answer

US Fish and Wildlife Services

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PA split into two agencies:

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PA Game (Birds & Mammals) PA Fish & Boat (fish, reptiles and amphibians)

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National fisheries divided between:

answer

Marine (Dept. of Commerce) and freshwater (Dept. of Interior)

question

Anthropocentric

answer

human centered view may have led to over-exploitation and degradation of areas colonized

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European Conservation Movement

answer

Extinction of auroch, European bison, National Parks and Access to Countryside Act and Wildlife and Countryside act

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American Conservation Movement

answer

big influences include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, John Muir and Gifford Pinchot

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John Muir

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used Emerson and Thoreau in his preservation campaign

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Preservationist ethic

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spiritual and artistic value over exploitation for materials needs, nature has intrinsic value JOHN MUIR

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Gifford Pinchot

answer

first head of U.S Forest Service had opposing view

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Resource conservation ethic

answer

humans and natural resources, GIFFORD PINCHOT

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Roosevelt's influence on game management:

answer

1.Recognized landscapes, water, vegetation, animals as an ecosystem. 2. Conservation through wise use 3. Science is the cornerstone of conservation

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Aldo Leopold

answer

took roosevelts concepts and formed principals of wildlife management

question

Forester, became "Father of Wildlife Mgmt", synthesis called Evolutionary-Ecological land ethic

answer

Aldo Leopold

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Ecosystem Management

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combines Leopold and Pinchot's views (highest priority is maintaining species and ecosystems

question

Name four conservation organizations:

answer

Wilderness Society, Audubon Society, Ducks Unlimited, Sierra Club

question

Seven Sisters for Conservation

answer

1. Public Trust- natural resources on public land 2.Prohibition on Commerce of Dead Wildlife-save wildlife from slaughter 3.Democratic Rule of Law-help creation of laws 4.Hunting Opportnutity for All- all citizens can hunt and fish 5.Non-frivolous Use 6.International Resources- wildlife can freely migrate 7.Scientific Management

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1st National Park in the world

answer

Yellowstone

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National Wildlife Refuge System

answer

originally 51 wildlife refuges

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Lacey Act

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prohibits importation, transport and sale of wild vertebrates, eliminated "market hunting"

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Migratory Bird Treaty

answer

Stopped marketing of waterfowl, migratory birds are not property of any single country

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Black Bass Act

answer

protects game fish

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Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act

answer

Pittman-Robertson Act, game restoration work

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Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act

answer

Dingell-Johnson Act, fish restoration

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US protection of endangered species

answer

CITES, ESA and MMPA

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ESA

answer

endangered species act, conservation and management of endangered flora and fauna

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CITES

answer

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, established import and export procedures for endangered species

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Father of Conservation Biology

answer

Michael Soul`e, First International Conference on Conservation Biology

question

Name species extinct due to over harvesting

answer

Pleistocene, Steller Sea Cow, Aurochs, Eastern Elk

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Commercially extinct species

answer

Diamondback terrapin

question

Beaver Exploitation

answer

King of England wanted hats, nearly extinct

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Bison

answer

exploited by native cultures, US slaughtered to reduce Indians supply. 1860=60 million 1889=150

question

Passenger Pigeon

answer

killed for food, flocks were 2 bill., low fecundity, critical nesting mass needed, technology to follow migration

question

Labrador duck, Heath hen, Carolina parakeet, great auk

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all extinct

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"Predators are the root of considerable evil"

answer

William Hornaday

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Introduced species impacting native species

answer

Ring-necked pheasants, Brown trout, Starlings

question

Gifford Pinchot

answer

chief advisor to Teddy R., coined term conservation, "sustainable use" philosophy, governor

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"To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering" , helped found The Wilderness Society and The Wildlife Society

answer

Aldo Leopold

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Three Basic Conservation Movements

answer

1. 1920's to early 1930's (buffalo gone, deer dwindling) 2.Began 1960's (habitat loss, pollution, persecution of predators, "optimum yield" 3.End of 20th century (reawakened concerns from 1960's)

question

Lead Shot

answer

killed 2 million ducks/geese

question

Successes

answer

Bison, Wood ducks (nest box campaign implemented), Wild turkey, White- tailed deer, Elk, Pronghorn and Beaver

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MMPA

answer

Marine Mammal Protection Act, Grey whale, sea otter and northern elephant seal

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"Ecological knowledge" is applied through 3 basic approaches

answer

1. Preservation: no human intervention 2.Direct manipulation: trapped, shot, poisoned and stocked 3.Indirect manipulation: altering of habitat

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Basic goals of wildlife management:

answer

make population increase, make populations decrease, harvest the population sustainably and do nothing except monitor population

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Managment

answer

use of a resource and regulation

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Conservation

answer

use of a resource and or preservation

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Preservation

answer

leave nature alone, no use

question

Ecology

answer

study of the home

question

Ecosystem

answer

network that interacts in a manner to sustain like including biotic and abiotic communities

question

Communities

answer

identifiable association of plants and animals living in a finite physical environment

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Internal modifications to ecosystem

answer

individual, long-term genetic responses to environmental conditions

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External modifications to ecosystem

answer

Climate change, natural impacts, lightning, fire, drought, volcano, hurricane, human impacts

question

Human impacts on ecosystems

answer

hunting, mining, pollution, logging, development, nuclear accidents, wildlife and habitat management

question

Biosphere

answer

includes a few hundred meters below the ground to several kilometers into the atmosphere

question

Energy transfer

answer

10% rule of thumb

question

How is biomass different from energy transfer

answer

not all energy goes into biomass

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Ranges of tolerance

answer

organisms live withing physical and biological limits

question

Steno-

answer

narrow ranges

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Eury

answer

broad ranges

question

Niche

answer

functional role and position of the organism in its communtiy

question

Niches can reduce what between species? Example

answer

Competition, Jack pines thrive in fire disturbed systems and spruce grouse

question

Niche separation

answer

Ruffed grouse may be found in the same area but feed on buds of deciduous trees in winter, different feeding niches

question

Convergent evolution

answer

different ancestors produce species of similar appearance/niches due to similar evolutionary forces

question

How can managers adjust niche requirements?

answer

Augment habitat, reduce competition, reduce predation, eliminate or reduce impact of exotics that out compete for the same niche

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Biomes

answer

regions with similar abiotic and biotic characteristics

question

Ecological sucession

answer

communities change in a sequential process

question

Pioneer community

answer

first step (plowed field or fire)

question

Climax community

answer

final step

question

Primary succesion

answer

occurs when there was no community before ex: volcanic islands

question

Secondary succession

answer

remnants remain of previous community ex: fire, clear cut forest

question

Bog turtle habitat managment

answer

endemic to eastern US, requires bog habitat, large native ungulates once prevented succesion

question

Aldo Leopold, 4 tools needed

answer

Ax, Cow, Match and Plow

question

Species associated with climax communities have not done well

answer

Black footed ferret- prairie Passenger pigeon- oak forest

question

Diversity

answer

# of species

question

Stability

answer

relative constancy of the abundance of populations

question

Low diversity communities are...

answer

generally unstable ex: tundra: snowshoe hare and lynx

question

High diversity communities are...

answer

generally stable, ex: tropical rainforest

question

Species diversity related to latitude

answer

closer to the equator is greater diversity

question

Symbiotic Relationships

answer

close relationship between 2 or more unrelated organisms

question

Mutualism

answer

both benefit

question

Obligate mutualism

answer

required for survival for one or both ex: coral and algae ex: Dodo and Calvaria Tree

question

Facultative mutualism

answer

not required for survival

question

Habitat selection by a species may be inherited...

answer

but there may be some plasticity

question

What do Red Knots feed on?

answer

eggs of horseshoe crabs

question

Solitary

answer

individual home ranges, may or may not overlap with others

question

Social

answer

found in social groups

question

Why social?

answer

Predator avoidance, food, reproduction

question

Monogamy

answer

occurs when females either scattered or not defensible so produces greatest genetic variablilty in population, more individuals get to breed

question

Polygyny

answer

occurs when females defensible, so form harems, many males don't get to breed, have to wait or not at all, genetic varialbility of population may become low in closed systems

question

Polyandry

answer

female has multiple mates, males often important in care of young, seen mostly in birds

question

Peent (call) count

answer

courtship calls, woodcock, also amphibians, whales and turkeys

question

Nesting or Denning sites

answer

where young are reared may be habitats different from those used at other times of year

question

Example of behavioral issues

answer

Black ducks prefer forest wetlands and Mallards prefer open habitat

question

Territory

answer

area defended against others of the same species usually males

question

Home range

answer

area in which animal may live

question

Territories associated with:

answer

seasons, breeding, courtship, food, nesting/ denning sites, scent and available resources

question

Lek bahvior

answer

a gathering of males for the purposes of competitive mating display, Sage Grouse, Ugandan kob, Hammer-head bat and Cock-of-the-Rock

question

Sexual segregation

answer

sexes may be found in different locations at different times of the year, may protect vulnerable young, and may be to avoid food competition ex: Indiana bat

question

Circadian rhythms

answer

daily activity patterns

question

Circannual rhythms

answer

yearly patterns (migration)

question

Ultradian rhythms

answer

patterns of less than a day

question

Dispersal helps to:

answer

maintain genetic variability, repopulated depleted areas and colonize new areas

question

Innate dispersal

answer

behavioral response to environmental stresses

question

Environmental Dispersal

answer

behavior response to environmental stresses

question

Philopatric

answer

stay close to mother

question

Allopatric

answer

disperse away from parents

question

Habituation

answer

some species adapt well to human activities

question

Captive rearing

answer

may need training in use of habitat and capture of prey ex: black footed ferrets, imprinting must be avoided

question

Migration

answer

moving from one location to another

question

Anadromous

answer

fish live in saltwater breed in freshwater ex:salmon

question

Catadramous

answer

fish live in freshwater, breed in saltwater ex: American eel

question

Reptile migration examples

answer

sea turtles and timber rattlesnake (migrate to and from hibernacula)

question

Which four groups of mammals migrate?

answer

Bats, cetaceans, pinnipeds and ungulates

question

Why do gray whales migrate?

answer

Summer bloom of phytoplankton provides food but for birth south has less predators

question

Why do wildebeest and zebras migrate?

answer

due to lack of sufficient drinkable water

question

Caribou

answer

hot topic for energy policy in US, roads and pipelines interrupt migration route in some locations, also climate change

question

Ramsar convention

answer

wetland protection for waterfowl

question

Population

answer

group of organisms of the same species that occupy a given area over a specific time period

question

Density

answer

number of individuals/unit area

question

Natality

answer

birth rate, number of births/thousand

question

Mortality

answer

death rate, number of deaths/ number of individuals

question

What would the death rate (X:1000 indiv.), if we observed 135 deaths in a population of 947 pronghorn in one year?

answer

135/947=X/1000 X=135/947 x 1,000= 0.142 x 1000=142

question

Age pyramid with wide base?

answer

expanding

question

Age pyramid with narrow base and buldging middle?

answer

declining

question

Age pyramid with a normal base and narrows towards top?

answer

stable

question

Fecundity

answer

refers to # of eggs or sperm produced by an individual

question

Fertility

answer

% of eggs that are fertile, # births/# of individuals

question

Production

answer

# of offspring produced or may be # that reach breeding age

question

Recruitment

answer

production and immigration into the population- new individuals in the populaton

question

In stable populations you can expect

answer

births, immigration, death and migration to all be equal

question

In a declining populations you can expect

answer

more deaths and migration than births and immigration

question

In a growing population you can expect

answer

more births and immigration than deaths and migration

question

Exponential growth

answer

r= max. growth/individual x number of individuals in the population

question

Intrinsic rate of increase

answer

top of graph, low life span but can produce many young, longer lives but fewer offspring

question

When would exponential growth be seen?

answer

unlimited food, no predator

question

Carrying capacity

answer

k= max. # of animals that the environment can sustain

question

Population that exceed carrying capacity can be a negative number resulting in...

answer

decreased population

question

Density dependent factors

answer

factors that cause higher mortalities or lower natality as the population increases ex:food supply, predation, disease, territorial behavior

question

Density independent factors

answer

factors not related to population density ex: rain, cold, floods, volcanoes

question

If growth rates of a managed population are close to maximum predicted...

answer

not much more to do

question

If lower rate than predicted...

answer

look for limiting factors that can be managed

question

Inflection point

answer

maximum growth is reached near 50% of carrying capacity

question

Maximum production

answer

if pop. is harvested to keep it at 50% of carrying capacity

question

Maximum sustainable yield

answer

MSY, largest average harvest that can be taken continuosly from a population under existing conditions

question

When is MSY attainable?

answer

when population is kept at 1/2 of its carrying capacity and when harvest takes the annual production of the population

question

What is the Maximum Sustainable yield of a species with an intrinsic growth rate if 0.2, and a carrying capacity of 1000?

answer

H=1000 x 0.2/4=200/4=50

question

Problems with MSY

answer

1.Carrying capacity is not constant (max pop. not easily determined) 2.logistic equation assumptions are not always met (rate of increase doesnt respond instantly, age and sex structure of pop. is not stable, harvest is not spread evenly throughout pop.) 3.MSY have largely been replaced by optimum yield

question

Optimum yield goals

answer

provide greatest benefit to the nation with reference to food production and recreational opportunities, prescribed as such on a MSY as modified by any relevant economic, social or ecological factors

question

Data collections include

answer

availability and quality of food, predation, competition, disease, environmental and human impacts

question

Isle Royale

answer

simple system, isolated

question

Moose-Wolf interactions

answer

predator-prey systems, populations fluctuate in response to a # of variables

question

Population growth

answer

r (intrinsic pop. growth) = b (birth rate/individual/unit time) - d (death rate/individual/unit time)

question

1,000 rabbits having 3,250 babies calculate pop. growth

answer

birth rate # births/# females = 3250/1000 = 3.25

question

If immigration (i) or emigration (e) included in the equation, then population growth rate:

answer

r = (b - d) + (i - e)

question

Birth rate influenced by:

answer

Age at sexual maturity of both males & females, Length of gestation, Sex ratios, Mating system (monogamy, polygny, polyandry), % of females breeding at each age, # of young/female at each age, Nutritional impacts on reproduction

question

Sex ratios

answer

Typically is written as # males:100 females

question

Example: Observe population of elk 1063 males and 2784 females

answer

Sex ratio equals 1063/2784 = X/100 X = 1063/2784 X 100 = 38 Sex ratio of this population is 38:100

question

Example: an observed population has a sex ratio of 60:100 (males:females)---what percentage of the population are males?

answer

60/(100 + 60) X 100 = 60/160 X 100= .375 X 100 = 37.5

question

Primary sex ratio

answer

at time of egg fertilization usually 50:50, but not always

question

Secondary sex ratio

answer

at birth or hatching; female may have some control over sex ratio of offspring

question

Tertiary sex ratio

answer

as juveniles sexes may be predated at different levels

question

Quarternary sex ratios

answer

adult population sex ratio may be skewed towards one sex or another

question

Monogamy

answer

sex ratios generally close to equal ex: seasonal and life time monogamy, maximum production favored

question

Polygamy

answer

multiple mates, results in biased sex ratios

question

Polygyny

answer

males have multiple mates, more females than males, max. production based on females, harvest of males is ok

question

Polyandry

answer

female has multiple mates, pop. has more males than females, max production may be less dependent on the less numerous sex

question

Promiscuity

answer

not restricted to any one partner

question

Birth rate dependent upon

answer

sex ratios, age and fecundity of that age class and environmental cndt.

question

Age-specific birth rate

answer

# of offspring/female of a specific age class

question

Assuming that the Canada goose population consists of 34% one-year olds, 33% 2-3 olds, & 33% 4+--calculate #eggs/100 females

answer

(34 X 0 offspring) + (33 X .2 amount breeding X 4.6 # of eggs) + (33 X .72 X 6.4) = 182 eggs/100 females If ratio changed to 40% 1 year olds, 40% 2-3 year olds, & 20% 4+ = 129 eggs/100 females---29% reduction in egg production

question

Additive

answer

moralities that have an equal impact upon a population

question

Compensatory

answer

moralities that may have occurred due to another factor and which have no or a lower net impact on the population ex:hunting , coyotes, quail

question

Density-dependent may be

answer

compensatory

question

Catastrophes or severe weather may be

answer

additive

question

a = m + n - mn

answer

a = annual mortality rate m = mortality from harvest n = natural mortality

question

Example 1 (high natural mortality rate): 20%=m, 70%=n

answer

a = .20 + .70 - (.20 X .70) a = .90 - .14 = .76 X 100% = 76% annual mortality 6% net increase over natural

question

Example 2 (low natural mortality rate): 20% harvest, 40% natural

answer

Example 2 (low natural mortality rate): 20% harvest, 40% natural

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