Wildlife Management – Flashcards
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indicator species
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species whose status provides information on certain environmental conditions. seral stages, or treatments
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examples of indicator species
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aquatic invertebrates, birds, spotted owl
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umbrella species
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species with large home ranges and broad habitat requirements such that protecting it will save many other species
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examples of umbrella species
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elk, big ungulates, carnivores, manatees
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flagship species
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charismatic species that wins public support for conservation
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examples of flagship species
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panda, great-white shark, primates
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highly interactive species
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a species whose absence leads to significant changes in some feature of its ecosystem
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two types of highly interactive species
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keystone and flagship species
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keystone species
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species that play critical ecological roles that are of greater importance than predicted based on their abundance
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examples of keystones
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wolves, beavers, pollinators
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foundation species
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highly interactive species that are often extremely abundant or ecologically dominant
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examples of foundation species
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prairie dogs, rabbits, white tail deer
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high impact, low biomass
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keystone species
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high impact, high biomass
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foundation species
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benefits and challenges of single species management
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clear and focused but do not have the exact framework for every situation
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ecosystem management goals
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maintain viable populations of all native species, protect native ecosystems, maintain evolutionary and ecological processes, mangage for short and long term change; accomodate human activities within these parameters
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benefits and challenges of EM
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broader view on animals and mgmt but it is difficult to define what an ecosystem is
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hierarchical context
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"big picture" thinking, multidimensional and interdependent thinking
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ecological boundaries
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responsibilities begin at boundaries; define common problems and boundaries of concern
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ecological integrity
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native species and ecosystems; ecological processes; accomodate human use
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data collection
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scientific and nonbiological data collection
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monitoring
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testing data against management activities and experiments; funding is difficult to find
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interagency cooperation
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competition often characterizes interactions, share in defining problem, share power
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humans embedded in nature
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human/nature interactions; citizen members
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adaptive management (EM Goals)
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continuous experiment where incorporating results of previous actions allows managers to remain flexible and adapt to uncertainty; scientific basis for EM
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organizational change
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diverse institutional structures must change, producing/protecting resources
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values
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resource allocation decisions, political struggle rather than technical facts, management and managers
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adaptive management definition
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the process of implementing a policy decision incrementally, so that changes can be made if the desired results are not achieved; requires feedback between management and assessment where each influence the other
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key features of adaptive management
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recognize multiple, competing explanations about biological processes, uncertainty is always a problem; research lessens uncertainty
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process uncertainty
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natural variation in ecological systems
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structural uncertainty
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relationship between management and population
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partial controllability
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decisions only partially control actions
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partial observability
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inability to census and basing predictions on sample
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precautionary principle
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easier to prevent harm to biodiversity than to repair it later on; burden of proof should lie with proponents of the action, even in the face of uncertainty
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burden of proof
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standard cost-benefit analysis(BOP to the conservationist; precautionary principle (BOP to developer)
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population
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group of organisms of a single species that interact and interbreed in a common place; hard to find boundaries, high interbreeding levels
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abundance
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number of individuals
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density
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number of individuals per unit area
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distribution
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spread or scatter of individuals
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pattern
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clumped, dispersed, etc
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composition
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sex ratio (males to females) and age structure within a population
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Demography
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intrinsic factors that contribute to a populations growth or decline
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bide factors
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natality, mortality, immigration and emigration
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birth rate (natality)
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proportion of a population newly born in a unit of time
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death rate (mortality)
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proportion of a population dying in a unit of time
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immigration
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movement into a given area
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emigration
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movement out of a given area
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closed population
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a population where no immigration and emigration occurs
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population change equation
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births-deaths+immigration-emigration
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recruitment
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increment of new individuals added to a wildlife population by natural reproduction, immigration, or stocking
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finite rate
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λ = e raised to the r (instantaneous rate);discrete intervals; models a species that changes at set intervals (reproduces at certain time of the year)
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instantaneous rate
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continuous rate of change in a population; r = ln λ
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discrete difference equation
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models for populations at a specific point in time, birth pulse, non-overlapping generations, finite rate
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continuous differential equations
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models that allow for continuous time change in a population, overlapping generations, pop. growth is a smooth curve, instantaneous rates
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density independent growth
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not dependent on resources or competitors, multiplication rate is constant, exponential growth
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N
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size of a population
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Nt
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number of individuals at time t
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Nt+1
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number of individuals at time t+1, time intervals
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N0
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initial number of individuals in the population
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equilibrium
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births+immigration=deaths+emigration
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discrete difference equation for exponential growth
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Nt = λ∧tNo
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Continuous Differential recursion equation
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Nt = Noe∧rt
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logistic growth
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density dependent growth
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exponential growth
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density independent growth
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differential equation for exponential growth
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dN/dt = r N (continuous model that tells us the rate of change in the population)
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doubling time
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ln2/r
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r
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per capita continuous (instantaneous) growth rate (in a differential equation)
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λ
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finite (discrete) growth rate (in a difference equation)
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if the population increases
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continuous r⟩0 discrete λ⟩1
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if population is static
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continuous r=0 discrete λ=1
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if population declines
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continuous r⟨0 discrete 0⟨λ⟨1
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model assumptions
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no I or E, constant B and D, no age, genetic, or size structures
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population regulation
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density dependence and independence
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density dependent growth
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logistic growth that is affected by population size
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density independent
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population processes are not affected by population size
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negatively density dependent
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birth rate
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positively density dependent
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death rate
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environmental carrying capacity "K"
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capacity of the environment to "carry" a population
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environmental resistance
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factors include competition, predation, resources
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when K is greater than N the product is
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positive and population grows
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when K is less than N the product is
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negative and the population shrinks
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continuous differential equation for logistic growth
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dN/dt = r N [(K-N)/K]; this tells you the rate of change (dN/dt) in the population at any instant
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finite difference equation
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do not need to memorize
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sources of wildlife funding
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fed or state appropriations, user pay, private sector
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user pay
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license sale, excise tax, special use tax
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fed or state appropriations
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most fed agencies and about 1/3 of state wildlife agencies, CO gets no money from state tax revenues, appropriated funds are not always reliable
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license sales
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state agencies receive greater than 50% of funds, CO's most important income
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Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act Pittman-Robertson
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excise taxes at the manufacturing level, 11% excise tax on sporting goods; dist. based on land, number of licenses, and pop.
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Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act Dingell and Johnson
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excise tax on fishing equipment; dist. based on land and water area and number of fishing licenses
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PR and DJ
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account for 40% of USFWS budget
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stamps
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user pay in the forms of duck and habitat stamps
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Private funding groups
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WWF, Ducks Unlimited, and Trout Unlimited
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Federal Agencies
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USDA, Interior, EPA, Commerce, Defense
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Lacey Act
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prohibited the shipment, transport, and commerce of wildlife taken or possessed in violation of state, federal, or foreign laws; eliminated market hunting and federal permits required for importation of exotic wildlife species
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Black Bass Act
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Lacey Act for fish; protected the black bass and all other game fish
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wilderness
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appears affected primarily by forces of nature, great opportunities for solitude, large enough to preserve in unimpaired state
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analogous structures
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not closely related organisms acquiring similar characteristics
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homologous structures
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common origin but different function
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interspecific competition
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drives divergence within communities because of competition for resources
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intraspecific competition
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within a species
