Wildlife Conservation Test 3 – Flashcards

-Habitat availability and diversity -Natural landscapes -Trees, bushes, pond, creek, greenbelts, parks -"Human" landscapes -Sheds, barns, gardens, dog food, garbage -But, urban monoculture -Too much cement-vegetation sparse, home range too big -Mortality factors -Low -No hunting or trapping -No large natural predators -High -Cats eating birds -Roadkills

Bird Community Differences Urban -HIgh number of exotics, biomass (more individuals, and high density. Low abundance of natives, low number of species -generalists Natural -Low abundance of exotics, low biomass, and low density. High abundance of natives, high number of species -specialists

Structural components Brush piles, snags, water, feeders, nest boxes Plant types Conifers, grasses, nut trees; seasonal plants, for hummingbirds/butterflies/bees/moths Animals/Pets-chase animals away, keeps them from eating your plants. Must keep pets inside in order to have wildlife come to your yard

Wildlife problems in urban areas-nuisance-raccoon and striped skunk Damage-squirrels and woodchucks, deer Safety-deathly moose-car accident, goose-stuck in airplane enigine/blade, mouse nest-chew wire, set fire Aesthetics- bird poop on car. Poop on grass Non-Urban Animal Damage Nuisance/Damage Management -When urban, exotic or other wildlife become problems to humans or ecosystems, control must be implemented Historically, manly lethal weapons use No real concern for animal welfare

Considerations concerning animals damage management -Overabundant vs. underabundant animals -What kind of problem is it?-economic, disease, nuisance -What is the magnitude of the problem? -Know /review techniques

Control techniques-consequences to each -Non-lethal -Economic reimbursement-pay people to put up with it -Husbandry-take care of your resources -Mechanical barrier-fence, electrical fence -Repellent -Habitat modification-could have them in place where you don't want them to be -Restore predators/disease -Chemo-sterilant-chemically keep animals from reproducing -Trap/relocate-but survival of relocated animas is low-illegal to translocate wildlife in MA, can't move an opossum 2 miles down the street -Lethal -Shooting, trapping, poisoning

Prevention -This is the key-don't let a problem happen at all -Pro-active management Anticipate the problem Get at the problems when they are small, when they first start happening

Harvest - any removal from the wild -using a resource

Hunting and trapping - legal harvest of wildlife by individual citizens for personal use Commercial harvesting - legal "harvest" intended for sale Poaching intentional killing out of season, without a license/permit, etc.-cactus, wildlife, fish, coral. ILLEGAL

Consumption Food -lots of people legally harvest wild animals for food In the Amazon, 39-96 pounds of birds are eaten, less of other animals In Alaska, mostly eat fish, then land mammals, then marine mammals Clothing -skins of animals used for clothing-leather and fur. Economics Individual income -how people make a living-sell meat at market Protection of resources. Not usually humans they are trying to protect, but more like keeping coyotes from killing sheep, elephants from damaging crops so that their resoruces aren't destroyed Recreation-Hunting and trapping for fun. Sometimes for the enjoyment of nature Social reasons-Spending time with friends while hunting Ecological management Overpopulation-need to maintain a balance and help solve problems Endangered species management-increasing coyote harvest to keep their numbers down in order for other populations to increase Financial and political support -money spent on waterfowl stamps to pay for habitat management, enforcement of rules, and land protection

Culture-some differences within societies and some between societies-fashion and attitudes History-it's the tradition, that's what we do vs. out with the old in with the new Experience-ex. Killing an animals, preparing it, cooking and eating it is different from opening a plastic package and eating an animal from a store Tolerance-different ranges=controversy

Too many populations are "endangered"-because of "overharvest" which at the time was legal, but just stupid because of human error Unnecessary -given abundance of other things to eat, and synthetic fibers of clothes. You can enjoy it but not physically consume it Hunting has to do with guns-gun control debate-guns killing people affects hunting guns Some means of harvest are inhumane or non-sporting -shooting out of a helicopter "fair chase"-don't use night vision goggles and hunt at night. Not sporting, animal has no chance Trophy hunting - excessive behavior-idea that all you are trying to do is find the biggest one and shoot it. Why is bigger better? Seems too elite Unethical/morally wrong wrong to take the life of other animals No experience an unfamiliar activity-like baseball-why is a no hitter exciting? Some people have no experience with hunting and trapping and don't know what it's like, why would you want to sit in a deer stand for 4 hours and wait for a deer to walk by. People aren't comfortable with death overall

From a biological perspective, what should we do? Identify the effects on populations -can use what we know about population dyamics to guess what would happen with hunting and trapping Identify the impacts of overpopulation-what does overpopulation do to animal population? Conduct sustainable management-Come up with best management to sustain a particular system over time From the Social perspective, what do we do? Enhance law enforcement- So much of what we detest is poaching Encourage open discussion among "user groups" Important that you understand other points of view and listen. Sports hunting, overabundant wildlife, importing meat, Be willing to pay Who should pay for management? Governments, business, us...people are more willing to pay for things depending on how they are done Understand differing societal values Some people would argue that hunting is a huge experience in environmental education. Don't be so quick to not listen, be quick to listen.

73% of Americans approve of legal hunting. The respondents tended to approve of hunting in a ratio inverse to the density of the human population where they lived. People who live closer to nature are more likely to accept killing and eating animals than those who live in urban areas, with less contact.

Americans-6.2% of Americans older than the age of 15 hunt Canadians-5.1% of Canadians older than the age of 15 hunt

a-an urban view of nature that is disconnected from the reality of wild nature b-popularized interpretations of science on television or in published media c-anthropomorphism, the application of human traits, especially feelings, to nonhuman animals d-an egalitarian notion that assigns the same legal and ethical rights to animals as it does to humans

1-place greater educational emphasis on the ecologistic attitude as a way of establishing a dialogue between hunters and antihunters. this attitude represents ideas compatible with both groups 2-encourage greater governmental recognition of different attitudes towards animals as reflecting multiple uses and satisfactions derived from wildlife. Management for different types of hunters. Recognition of moralistic and humanistic attitudes concerning cruelty and animal welfare 3-Diversify wildlife funding sources to include contributions from antihunters and other potential nonconsumptive users of wildlife resources 4-Increase attention and financial allocation for nongame research and recreational programs

They are usually set at optimum yield, meaning the quantity of the animal 1-that will provide the greatest overall benefit to the nation, with reference to food production and recreational activities, and 2-that is prescribed as such on the basis of maximum sustained yield as modified by any relevant economic, social, or ecological factors

The concept applies the flow of new data to continually update two or more competing hypotheses, with the goal of strengthening the acceptance and influence of those that best reflect the actual outcome. It can be applied to forestry, fisheries, or other disciplines, but cannot be used certainly for wildlife.

1-counting males singing on the breeding grounds 2-determining an age ratio, which compares juveniles (birds hatched in the current calendar year) to the number of adults (birds one year and older) 3-bag checks-the daily success of hunters in taking woodcock

Male-only spring hunts

Buck laws were instigated. Because one buck often breeds with several does, an imbalanced sex ratio favoring females can greatly increase reproduction. The law enacted a limit of one antlered deer per hunter per year, allowing for more reproduction and increased numbers as a result.

-more women are joining their male companions in outdoor recreation -more women are learning to shoot competently as a means of self-protection, and hunting is a natural extension of such proficiency with weapons -the manufacturers of sporting arms started to produce rifles, shotguns, and archery equipment designed expressly for women

It is now under consideration by the various states and provinces. Its purpose is 1-to create the philosophical environment for consensus and action on hunting-related programs, strategies, and initiatives 2-to publicize and renew hunters' contributions and commitments to wildlife conservation 3-to provide focus of hunters' effort in wildlife conservation, hunter education, safety, recruitment, ethics, and cooperative initiatives with others 4-to provide a basis for reporting progress toward reaching these goals be agencies and organizations associated with hunting

AGAINST TRAPPING: 1-traps cause animals suffering 2-taking an animal's life for the sake of fashion is immoral 3-that trapping kills or maims many nontarget species FOR TRAPPING: 1-harvest data from trappers help wildlife managers keep track of furbearer populations 2-trapping provides an annual crop of furs that otherwise would be lost to other forms of mortality 3-fur sales help the economic welfare of states and individuals 4-rabies, distemper, and other diseases are suppressed by trapping 5-the inevitable death of an animal probably is less painful for a trapped animal than it would be from starvation, predation, or other "natural" causes

a species not native to an area, most of the time are introduced by humans. How long ago were they introduced by humans? 4000-6000 years ago.

Accidents on ships-mice, got loose-horses and burros, Aesthetics -English house sparrows-introduced because people thought they were cool Economic benefit -Raccoon dog, a canine introduced into Scandinavia from China Sport hunting -Chukar partridge-brought to increase opportunities for hunting Endangerment in native habitat-white rhinos-endangered species management

Economic damage-nutria were raised for fur and brought to South, but they escaped. Now are resident in 18 states at high densities. They burrow into banks and through dikes-cause more flooding than anticipated. Eat sugar beets Competition mute swans European-exotic in US. Extremely territorial and aggressive, will take over and exclude all over waterfowl from breeding in a pond or lake. Ruins indigenous habitat Gray squirrels Native, but were introduced in England. Did really well and outcompeted the native red squirrel. Sika deer-Chinese deer that were introduced to Texas. Eat a lot of browse, compete with white-tailed deer. White tailed deer can't survive under stressful situations where sika deer are involved Chinese ring-necked pheasants Chinese. Introduced into US. Released, and shot for sport. What are consequences? They attack native prairie chickens and drive them from their display/breeding grounds so they can't breed. Lay eggs in prairie chicken nests and hope that they will raise their young as well as their own. wild boars European. There are 1000 wild boars harvested every year in US> They damage vegetation, agriculture, ground nesting birds, compete with native wildlife, eat acorns, carry infectious diseases Predation brown tree snakes Got to Guam in a plane. The snakes eat baby rails (birds) and drove them almost to extinction American mink in Europe Harm the water vole in the UK, eat what they et and outcompete them Rat predation on birds in Hawaii Hybridization ducks in Australia Grey duck, Mallard duck exotic to Australia, produce Grey-Mallard duck.-May lose grey ducks because they produce hybrids

European starlings (successful)- Native to Europe, are beautiful (why they were brought to US), 1890 introduced to NYC, 1930 made it to Texas, 1940 past the rockies, 1960's out to West Coast, 1970 Alaska. Crested mynah (unsuccessful)Introduced to Vancouver, British Columbia. Just stayed in Vancouver. They are Asian, from a part of the world with different environmental circumstances-light, temperature, not used to conditions near coast and mountains

- r (fast) - selected breed fast, and a lot. Potential for population increase is very high - broad and plastic niche - generalists not picky about what they eat, where they live - low territoriality Don't care if they have a of neighbors

- abundant resources food, habitat - similar environmental conditions from where you came from - niche vacancies cats would be great in a place that have never had cats before-no predators/competition

Disturbed habitats -Not very many native species in disturbed habitats-grasslands-but are many introduced species. Vice versa for original undisturbed forests Urban habitats -only evolved recently, species that are able to take advantage of urban habitats-like being in a whole new world you didn't evolve in-garbage, warm places to go, no one was living there before (niche vacancies)

New Zealand -large, isolated island, lots of mountains and sheep, lots of endemic birds (only found in this area), only 2 indigenous mammal species (both are bats), English settled in NZ in 1840's, brought animals Introduced 15 fishes, and 13 were established. 3/5 amphibians, 0/3 reptiles, 43/138 birds, 32/54 mammals..changed New Zealand

Birds survived well in disturbed habitats, mammals survived well in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats

Elimination of natural predation and hunting

-encouraging more hunting -immunocontraceptive (to prevent fertilization) ????356

"Pure" preservation is flawed because human influences already may have disrupted natural systems. Fences prohibit the natural movement of animals; and roads, campgrounds, and concession areas in parks violate and displace natural environments Nature reserves in developing countries the economic benefits from tourism should be directed to local communities to gain their support. This way, they can build up their communities

Grazers adapted to shortgrass, such as the zebra and the wildebeest, seem more vulnerable to lion predation in wet years, when grass grows tall. the general decline of these species halted temporarily during the dry years but resumed with the wet years.

Occurred in 1980, when more than 21.8 million ha of land in Alaska became part of the federal system, this resulted from the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act

More than 80% of the systems ha are in Alaska

ENDANGERED SPECIES The National Bison Range REST STOPS FOR MIGRATORY BIRDS There are resting areas about 320km apart in each flyway PROTECTION OF UNIQUE OR HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE NATURAL SYSTEMS Wetlands of International Importance WILDLIFE DEPENDENT RECREATION hikes, picnics, photography, boating hunting RESEARCH Federal refuge bordering Great Salt Lake in Utah for field and clinical studies

An organic act is a legislative charter that describes the agency's mission on the land it administers . (Must claim the land for use)

-defines the mission of the system: administer a national network of lands and water for conservation, management, etc with the US for the benefit of present and future -defines compatible wildlife dependent recreation as legitimate and appropriate public use -requires the secretary of the interior to ensure environmental health of the refuge system -retains the authority of the refuge manager to determine compatible public uses, when they will be allowed, etc -requires each refuge to develop a comprehensive plan within 15 years and to update the plan every 15 years

Destruction of tropical rain forests-Europe, Africa, Asia, cleared for logging and pastureland-loss of species, exchange in balance of CO2 Increase in desertification-because of overgrazing, climate change, positive feedback loop Persistence/spread of chemicals/herbicides-related to agriculture, disposal of wastes, misuse of chemicals and pesticides, unknown connections between things. Antibiotic chemical used in cattle. When vultures fed on the cattle, they died Loss of habitat, in general, outside of the tropics-because of change in land use, slash and burn, deforestation Illegal trade/traffic in "protected" or endangered species-one of the major factors for a number of species. Can be plants as well as animals

Political turmoil-who is in charge and who cares? Population explosion-more need for people to use resources Poor economies-people aren't happy because things aren't going well. Use of certain resources in a way that certain values aren't important Greedy consumers-people want stuff. Rich people

What kinds of trade?-sometimes it's food products, like whale meat, sometimes it's pets, and then there are other kinds of products-purses, sometimes just for art (butterflies) cool to look at Who are the consumers of wildlife?-usually developed nations with lots of hard currency-western Europe, Japan, China-related to leisure time, affluence Who are the producers?-the people who live with the resource. Often in tropical countries, and they often need the money.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)signed to regulate commerce, 1973. At least 160 independent nations agreed to abide by this treaty. It was voluntary. Meet every 2-3 years to discuss issues regarding wildlife trade. Ensure that trade is sustainable, did it right regardless of cultured and values, bring up issues Different species should have different trade steps: Appendix I - species are endangered, no matter what country-the most protected species. Need both import and export permit to move animals. Commercial trade is virtually nil-usually done Appendix II - species are considered threatened, no matter what country-species are considered threatened, no matter what country. Need export permit from country of origin. Ex. Pangolins (mammals) and dholes (wild dogs) Appendix III - considered threatened by exporting country, maybe others-the exporting country regultaes imporrt

Positive scientific evidence that a species can withstand exploitation-breed fast, have lotts of young Well-documented population -use surveys or trend estimated with grout that shows increasing populations Comprehensive trade analyses

Blanket-listing-listing of all closely related species, protect them all Similarity of appearance-products difficult to distinguish. Domino effect-can't kill jaguars, but can kill another spscies, to stop: jagurar keys killed Trade implications-people try to slip stuff in

Enforcement-hard-there are laws but they are not always followed Not all nations have signed-a funnel for illegal wildlife. Can go to those countried and buy things, but can't bring them everywhere Appendix II species are often rubber-stamped-need an export permit, so they are quikly rubber-stamped Some trade still occurs-because it is worth a lot of money, like the drug trade Conflicts -between countries for political reasons, within countries when governments break down

preservation of "habitat"-might be able to maintain a viable population of plants and animals, a sustainable working system controlled management of vegetation and wildlife-Can remove exotics, control grazing, control hunting and fishing. research opportunities-these areas are less influenced by people, sometimes considered to be pristine-without people screwing them up. A unique area to study public relations-some species gain a high profile because they like to be looked at-rare, people can go see them financial gain & reduced pressure to develop lands-bring money in with tourism

loss of genetic integrity Parks are isolated, islands of wildness in the middle of "not wildness". Loss is greater with a smaller place overpopulation If you let things go, population will crash. direct problems with humans Ex. People giving food to bears-trash, coolers, etc. indirect problems with humans Encroachment people to do mining, creates a road, etc.

1. Strict nature reserve/wilderness area Cabo Blanco Biological Reserve, Costa Rica-protected for science, and only access allowed is for scientific research. Sometimes no motorized traffic 2. National park Krugo National Park, South Africa-maintained for animal ecosystem and human recreation 3. Natural monument-protected areas established for the conservation of specific geographic/geological feature. Ex. Devil's Tower, USA. Could be developed or undeveloped. Intended to be used by people 4. Habitat/Species Management Area For conservation of wildlife and ecosystem through active management. Realizes there will be interactions between people and animals. Fire, Livestock, hunting. Ex. Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania-2x size of MA. Has many wild dogs. Hs restricted human access 5. Protected Landscape/Seascape Dartmoor National Park, UK Provides access and facilities for open air enjoyment by people. 31,000 people live there 6. Managed Resource Protected Area Managed for the sustainable use of national ecosystems, for the use of nature by people. Ex. Kiunga Marine National Reserve, Kenya. Are highly managed human activities in the park

Adequate legal protection-laws in place that say what you can and can't do Adequate actual protection in the field laws that are enforced At least 10 km2 (1000 hectares) = 4 miles2 Minimum size Prohibit/regulate exploitation They are not supposed to be exploited, they are supposed to be saved

Diversity important to South Africa. There are some places that have a large diversity that is attractive to preserve Distinctiveness How distinctive is the place your are looking t? If it only has local species, that may be a high) piority Endangerment-Ethiopian wolevs-live n the mountain Often have high priorities UtilitySpecific purpose

Number and area of sites by area classes -most areas are pretty small. A few giant ones cover a lot of areas. Lots of tiny ones

Gap Analysis Determine where biodiversity is highest where there is no protection. Are there places with lots of biodiversity that we should protect?- Use GIS Use of Gap Analysis and GIS Find Correlations Suggest potential sites for searches Allow predictions for the future

Size-how big can or should it be. Trophic level-how many animals does it need to support Configuration how is it configured-has to do with connectivity and different choices of parks you might have. Large areas are better than several small, better if closer together, better with corridors, better if round(less edge is better in most cases) Shape what shape should it be-shape with less edge is best

UNESCO the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Save all habitats and the plants and animals Avoid extinctions Representativeness vs. uniqueness-cool unique places, idea is to protect places representative of all ecosystems on earth May include all types of IUCN protected areas

Not UNESCO Home country?-don't have the money Developed countries?

Big place. In a mountainous area, tropical deciduous forest-pine, oak. Perennial maize, or corn species, teosinte-Found "teosinte"-a corn plant, perennial, don't have to keep replanting and it is resistant to the 7 major domestic corn diseases. Brought attention to the area. The area now has high biodiversity.

1. Ethnoecology-interactions between people that live there and resources that are there, how some become rarer, dangered and disappeared, what kinds of exotics are there, how people use those resources 2. Environmental Education-convince the people that this is a good idea to have the government come oversee the protection and permit the use of these resources. Tell the people they need to think in the long term 3. Ecodevelopment-interact with resources in a way that can make people's lives better and still be sustainable, don't just use up all the resources 4. Forestry-logging industry 5. Soils and Watersheds-important for agriculture, need to understand where water comes from 6. Flora-trees, etc. For construction materials, food, understanding the plants 7. Zea diploperennis-the corn plant. It is the unique resource in this particular reserve 8. Fauna-animals-food, pollinators, insects, vertebrates, how do they interact 9. Cartography and Photo-interpretation-map making, resources, accessibility 10. Information and Data Processing-getting the message out to the rest of the world 11. Publicity-the wider public 12. Public relations-people's legal rights 13. Field Station Management coordination 14. Administration-who's in charge

a combination of these causes. Habitat destruction (86 % of endangered species) -vegetation -environmental contaminants -introduced species Excessive exploitation -commercial utilization -direct or indirect killing -elimination of "competing" predator species-species that compete with humans

Narrow geographical range -only live in particular places Habitat specialists-depend upon certain features of the environment Small population sizes Clumped population distribution Low rates of population increase

Federal governments -laws (Endangered Species act) -treaties (CITES) State governments and agencies-can make their own laws/rules to benefit species of the state Other private conservation organizations -do work on their own lands or on private lands convincing people to carry out the right management option

population status-size, trend vulnerability -habitat-how much habitat and what is distribution? -distribution -mortality factors recovery potential -status of protected habitats -potential for growth species characteristics -uniqueness-special niche, ability to hybridize

Single species approach- Standard methods in the wild-abundance, protect habitat, make specific recommendations that relate to that species Captive propagation (zoos) -raise them in zoos and put them back into the wild. Problem because it isn't comprehensively helpful Ecosystem/Landscape approach-large scale conservation -manahe landscapes/reserves-for multiple species "Umbrella" species approach-a combination of captive propagation and ecosystem approach-save one species and save other species as well-will be protecting other parts of the ecosystem and doing overall good. "BY SAVING ONE SPECIES WE ARE GOING TO SAVE THEM ALL"

prairie dog control campaigns -prairie dogs were seen as competitors. Black footed ferrets were captured as furbearers. The main black-footed decline came about because of prairie dog campaigns. They competed for grass. People didn't pay attention to the black footed ferret decline until 1930s. in 1964-72, only 11 ferret litters. Were not known to live anywhere else 9 ferrets were taken into captivity from 1971 to 1973 for captive breeding . 9 ferrets were taking into captivity from 1971 to 73 for captive breeding. Although litters were born there, no young were successfully raised. The last captive ferrets died in 1978. A dog found a dead black footed ferret in 1981 in Wyoming-after they were declared extinct Ferreets rediscovered in prairie dog complexes in 81. That population remained healthy. In 1985-sylvatic plagu e-deadly disease confirmed in prairie dogs in WY. In addition, reports of a substantial decrease in the number of ferrets were detected. Then, discovery of canine distemper in the ferrets themselves. Emergency management-1985, 6 ferrets were captured to begin captive breeding, 2 of them rbought the virus and all 6 ferrets died. By decmeber 1985, only 10 ferrets were known to exist, 6 in captivity and 4 in WY. The net yr only 2 litters were produced. Allr emaining ferrets were removed from the wild, resulting in a captive pop of 18 ferrets Since 1987, there have been 4000 ferrets bred in captivity, 1400 have been released, 19 sites in U.S. where they have been introduced. Currently only 4 self-sustaining populations-don't have to augment the new population every year with new ferrets. South Dakota- 250 ferrets, 100 wild kits born-some of which were released elsewhere Goal: 10 self-sustaining populations. 1500 breeding animals Only live in grasslands Live there: herbivoers-prairie dogs, bison, other species Prairie dogs are good at seeing predators from far away-stand up and look out for them Carnivores: black footed ferrets, other species Need ferrets to keep prairie dog numbers down because they are the only carnivores that can go into the tunnels and get them

Original purpose of zoos Zoological gardens-used to provide entertainment. People had collections of weird animals Entertainment Private and public-people hadn't seen animals such as elephants and camels before Make money-charge admission, and get animals to reproduce in captivity and sell them

Past problems with zoos Inadequate facilities Can't provide animals with natural habitats-keeping a bear in a cement, iron-barred box. Mental and physical problems with animals, poor reproduction Poor public perception of performing animals. Dancing bears, bears riding bicycles, seeing them as oddities that do funny stuff. Problem because it has no real relation to the wild, just for entertainment Poor scientific knowledge base very few place where animals have actually sexually reproduced Poor education centers sometimes wrong background information is given Relatively few endangered species are currently being held in zoos Which species to save? How do you pick? Limited space..must use priorities Endangerment Feasability Money not enough. Collapse of soviet union, first thing to go was zoos Upkeep - animals cost a lot to take care of Facilities - useful, pleasing enclosures useful closuers that are good for animals and pleasing to public Conservation Action-do something other than just holding animals

Conservation centers

1. Serve as refugia -the last place where species exist, sometimes species are extinct in wild but have species in zoos-California Condor (bird) 2. Provide propagules for repopulation raise animals more successfully than they might be raised in the wild-better reproduction. 3. Reinforce natural populations reinforcement from captive populations 4. Maintain repositories of sperm and eggs zoos store sperm and eggs; freeze them then thaw them when needed. Cutting edge, essential for some species 5. Conduct research behavior, food preference, species interactions 6. Educate the public emphasize the importance of conservation-so many people don't know anything about wild animals, zoos may be the only place they are able to learn about them

no

Space How much space do you have? How much to you need?-for animals and the public-want to see places that don't look depressing What kind of space is cost-effective? Fix their original habitat

Temperatures will rise 5-18 degrees during the next 100 years. Ice melt Evaporation will increase Rainfall will decrease Lakes and wetlands will dry up/recede Water temperatures will rise Droughts, hurricanes, floods, fires MORE Climate in MA will end up being like the current climate in South Carolina in the next 100 years

Primary Ecological Effects Stranding Changes beyond tolerable thresholds No adaptive capacity to migrate Life-Stage Habitat Loss Conditions for essential life-stage junctures intolerable Conditions for other life stages irrelevant May never be able to achieve adult status-no adaptations to allow them to continue Altered Biological Events Shifts in the timing of budding, spawning, or migration What if all species not in synch?-if pollinators are behind, etc. Secondary Ecological Effects Increased Stress-as things change-more susceptible to disease, parasitism, predation etc. Successful Adaptive Migration -may disrupt predator-prey or other ecological conditions-will gain and lose species from systems because of migrations according to climate Opportunistic Invasion -erosion of barriers-an indirect effect

Direct Habitat Conversion -Human migration to places where it is more tolerable to live -Land use conversion Degraded Ecological Conditions -New or amplified pollution, noise, water diversions -Climate change mitigation-plant forests, put up ocean barriers Induced Invasions -Non-native species to local ecosystems

Food abundance-when things warm up Warmer=more biomass produced because of longer growing season If 50 % increase over the next 100 years Higher survival Food availability More crusting of snow (warmer in winter) If 30 % over the next 100 years Lower survival

Body temperature regulation-not internally regulated If it is Warm-seek shade Cold-sun yourself Migrate or evolve? Tolerance range Narrow tolerance range-thermal specialists Species diversity Lots of them (high diversity) Same percent of species who can adapt and species who can't-more species lost

Identifying Climate-threatened Species How to use the available science? Regulating Non-climate Effects To Protect Climate Futile? -fooling around with worthless projects that aren't helpful in the long run. Saving a mallard duck doesn't help mallard populations while saving an endangered pigeon may be crucial to the population Designing Conservation and Recovery Initiatives Based on what?-we don't know what long term effects of any mitiation will be. Ned to know the limitations of our knowledge Species Trade-Offs Where do you put your efforts? What is the ecosystem? Dealing with the Doomed Species that are doomed if we don't do anything Assisted migration? Relocate them in the wild to help them out. Set up new systems MOST OF WHAT WE DO IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION DEALS WITH CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES

True, peregrine falcones often sat on the ledges of high buildings and eat pigeons. When returned to the wild, they preferred cities because of the available prey there.

deer-vehicle accidents threaten vegetation become pretty sedentary because of fences, busy streets and other artificial barriers

the monoculture created by humans *lack of sufficient vegetation (quality + quantity) *environmental uniformity-structures + pavement

rock or log piles bird houses squirrel shelters artificial rabbit burrows feeding stations

bird houses squirrel shelters artificial rabbit burrows feeding stations

the attraction of predators to concentrations of prey flying into windows disease-contaminate the seeds with fecal matter

FALSE-keeping them inside is the only solution

initial attempts at relocating birds to a site failed when most of them returned. Other management strategies were employed, including restricting the availability of food both inside and outside the sanctuary, harassing ibis nesting at undesirable sites, removing nests and eggs, disrupting roosting ibis with spotlights, and substituting artificial eggs in active nests. these measures brought an immediate response. breeding pop dropped from 900 to 100 birds

Fire ants kill hatchling bird chicks (bobwhites) fire ants reduce the abundance of invertebrate foods seasonally required by bobwhites they also reduce recruitment in deer populations-attacked eyes and mouth of newborns

the rapid spread of the cactus was controlled by using moths, whose larvae largely damaged the plants

european rabbits in Australia were controlled by host-specific diseases, first myxomatosis, and more recently, rabbit hemorrhagic disease

In NW North America, 6 goats and their 4 offspring escaped from South Dakota and eventually established a population of 300 animals. a hunting season was created for them

Exotics fill vacant niches May be places where native game is not plentiful enough for hunters Might replace those native animals that have not coped well with environmental changes Ranchers appreciate exotic game and so do the hunters paying for such trophies

if an exotic is introduced into a foreign fauna, its genetic compatibility with a local but related species still may function, and high rates of hybridization may result. the native species' genetics may become so swamped by the exotic because there are so many hybrids that are created

competition for..... food tree cavities or breeding sites

brought for commercial fur farming from Argentina. they were sold for farming, but they escaped or were released soon afterward and established wild populations virtually everywhere; presently existing in 15 states. they rapidly destroy wetland vegetation, competing with muskrats and waterfowl Poison was used to try to control them, baits treated with zinc phosphide were used. trying to find a way to biologically control them

About $500 million is spent on nonconsumptive use of wildlife, primarily in appreciation of nongame birds-spent on bird seed, bird field guides, birdhouses, feeders, binoculars. $300 million is spent by duck hunters seeking a consumptive use of waterfowl resources (

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there is a checkoff option in state income tax forms. taxpayers could voluntarily contribute a part of their tax refund for nongame management by marking the appropriate box

Vulture restaurants are sites artificially supplied with large animal carcasses. They provide the birds with safe and available food Why: Because some African cultures believe cetain body parts of vultures possess medicinal or magical properties, livestock carcasses are sometimes poisoned as a means of obtaining birds. In other areas, food may be hard to get to and scarce, so the restaurants, which are located in open areas receive a lot of use provide the vultures with calcium tourism and conservation opportunities research

Natural causes-natural death of species or evolution into new forms Hunting-unregulated hunting causing extinction Introduced predators-introduction of exotic species plays havoc with natural systems Nonpredatory exotics-Nonpredatory exotics are often the agents of competition and disease Habitat modification-habitat destruction and disturbance destroy wildlife

False, most GAME species are r-selected, meaning that they have high intrinsic rates of population growth Endangered species are often K-selected meaning that they have adapted an evolutionary strategy that favors lower rates of population growth with a higher efficiency in their use of resources. also are more specialized

Their coastal habitat was protected where they spend their winters. Then, a captive breeding program was initiated using eggs collected from the wild population and the few cranes held in zoos, but few birds survived until an age when they could be released. Then the foster parent program was proposed. whooping cranes' eggs and young would now be raised under sandhill cranes, a related and far more abundant species

Kenya-263,000 visitors arriving annually for wildlife tourism

-opposition from the established meat trade toward competition from the meat of wildlife -opposition from the meat of wildlife -low profit margins, largely because of the low monetary value of meat and high costs of meeting hygienic regulations -lack of local markets -poor communication with distant markets -poaching -shortfalls in quotas for maximum yields because of the elusiveness and migratory habits of some species, whereas populations of resident species may be too small for an economically worthwhile harvest -drought and other ecological changes leading to unpredictable trends in animal numbers

The privilege of shooting 5 or 6 rhinos per year was sold to American and German hunters. Other hunters paid money to shoot a rhino with a tranquilizer gun and were photographed beside their drugges trophies

False

The travel cost method has the advantage of describing what hunters actually pay for deer hunting. The estimate is based on travel costs using the price of fuel and the distance the hunters travel. These costs can be compared to annual timber sales because they are mutually exclusive activities and are not competitive. More is spent on deer

-the relatively short period of significant environmental alteration since settlement -a relatively low human population -an affluent population, of which an influential segment is sensitive to environmental concerns -the presence of agencies and academic institutions attuned to the biology and management of wildlife and other natural resources -the presence of a well trained and motivated cadre of professional biologists and resource managers -the enactment of relatively strong and effective environmental laws -the state and federal ownership of wildlife refuges, parks, forests, and other large areas of land

More than 1/3 is held in federal ownership, mostly under environmental peeps

IT shows that biological diversity-the chief concern of conservation biology-operates at 3 levels; genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity

Is composed of the species-area relationship-that larger sites contain more species than smaller locations. Larger sites are 1-more likely to be colonized by new species and 2-less likely to experience extinctions in their biota Distance to mainland also affects the diversity

Equilibrium results from the counterbalancing forces of colonization and extinction - all species are treated equally as units (but really, some species are more competitive than others) -assumption that the environment on an island remains constant throughout the processes of colonization an extinction

minimum viable populations is like the threshold number for a species; the minimum number a population can have to ensure the presence of its populations....controversial because each location differs

Conservation biologists can respond in two ways: -seek more interactions with demographers, sociologists, and epidemiologists -strongly advocate controlling human populations

benefits Plants and animals may travel between islands, thereby -preventing inbreeding depression by maintaining gene flow between various segments of a larger population -enhancing species richness in keeping with the ideas of island biogeography -corridors offset the negative consequences of fragmented habitats drawbacks -introduction of pathogens, predators, or exotic species

the remaining population is no more than 50 individuals, they have lower semen volume, more abnormal sperm, and reduced sperm motility. the rate of having only one testicle is higher than in other subspecies 8 mountain lions representing another subspecies were released in Florida to restore genetic diversity, only females were introduced to avoid disputes with males in the Florida population

The wolves on Isle Royale had low genetic variability and probably descended from a single female

FALSE-no way can we supply ourselves with enough food and energy

Each new generation of humans uses more energy than its predecessor. In prehistoric times, with 3 million hunter gatherers, the energy used by a human coincided with that of a dolphin, whereas now each person in the U.S. consumes the energy equivalent to that used by a large whale

Wildlife managers understand the fundamental relationships between births and deaths, immigration and emigration, and the same principles affect human populations Because a continuously expanding human population steadily erodes the quantity and quality of land and water resources available for wildlife, questions about the abundance of wildlife and wildlife habitat offer wildlife biologists a prime opportunity to address the overarching issue of human population ecology