question

what was the italian peninsula protected by?

answer

the sea and the arc of the Alps mountains

question

rome

answer

centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern mediterranean powers

question

alps

answer

protection

question

mediterranean sea

answer

protections, sea-borne commerce

question

what became the foundation of modern democracy?

answer

the Roman republic made major strides in the development of representative democracy

question

social structure in the roman republic

answer

patricians: powerful nobility (few in number) plebeians: majority of population slaves: not based on race

question

citizenship

answer

-patrician and plebeian men - selected foreigners - rights and responsibilities of citizenship (ex, taxes, military service)

question

features of democracy

answer

- representative democracy - assemblies - the senate - consuls - laws of rome codified as twelve tables

question

After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able to ________?

answer

dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman culture

question

punic wars: Rome vs. Carthage (264-146 BCE)

answer

- rome and carthage were in competition for trade - hannibal invaded the italian peninsula - three wars resulted in roman victory, the destruction of carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for rome

question

evolution of the roman empire and spread of roman culture

answer

- mediterranean basin (Africa, asia, europe, including the hellenistic world of eastern mediterranean) - western europe (gual, british isles)

question

the followers of Jesus spread _________ throughout the Roman, empire, bringing it into conflict with roman polytheism and eventually changing western civilization

answer

Christianity

question

origins of christianity

answer

- had its roots in Judaism - was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah - conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of roman empire

question

spread of christianity

answer

- popularity of the message - early martyrs inspired others - carried by the apostles, including paul, throughout the roman empire

question

roman mythology, like greek mythology was based upon what type of religion that was integral to culture, politics, and art.

answer

polytheistic

question

roman mythology

answer

- based on greek polytheistic religion - explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events

question

roman gods and goddesses

answer

- Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus - symbols and images in literature, art, and architecture

question

causes for the decline of the roman republic

answer

- spread of slavery in the agricultural system - migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment - civil war over the power of Julius Caesar - devaluation of roman currency; inflation

question

the origin and evolution of imperial rome

answer

- first triumvirate - julius caesar: civil war, defeat of marc anthony, romes first emperor - empire: unified and englarged, using imperial authority and the military - failure to provide for peaceful succession of emperors

question

what did augustus caesar establish?

answer

He established the roman empire by institution civil service, rule of law, a common coinage, and secure travel and trade throughout the Empire.

question

what were the 200 years of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire, following Augustus Caesar, called?

answer

the Pax Romana

question

the pax romana

answer

- two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule - expansion and solidification of the roman empire, particularly in the near east

question

economic impact of the pax romana

answer

- established uniform system of money, which helped ot expand trade - guaranteed safe travel and trade on roman roads - promoted prosperity and stability

question

social impact of the pax romana

answer

- returned stability to social class - increased emphasis on the family

question

political impact of Pax Romana

answer

- created a civil service - developed a uniform rule of law

question

beliefs, traditions and customs of Christianity

answer

- monotheism - Jesus as both son and incarnation of God - life after death - new testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians - Christian doctrines established by early church councils

question

as the roman empire declined in the west, the _______ ___ ______ grew in importance, followers, and influence

answer

church of rome

question

impact of church of rome in the late roman empire

answer

- the emperor constanting converted to christianity and made it legal - christianity later became the official state religion - the church became a source of moral authority - loyalty to the church became more important than loyalty to the emperor - the church became the main unifying force of western europe

question

over a 300 year period, the western part of the roman empire steadily decline because of _________________________________________

answer

internal and external problems

question

causes for the decline of the western roman empire

answer

- geographic size: difficulty of defense and administration - economy: the cost of defense, and devaluation of roman currency - military: army membership started to include non- romans, resulting in decline of discipline - moral decay: people's loss of faith in rome and the family - political problems: civil conflict and weak administration - invasion: attacks on borders

question

division of the roman empire

answer

- move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople - survival of the western roman empire until 476 AD when it ceased to have a roman emperor - eastern roman empire (byzantine empire)

question

the capital of the _________ ___________ ________ was changed to Constantinople to provide political, economic, and military advantages

answer

eastern roman empire

question

location of Constantinople

answer

- protection of the eastern frontier - distance from germanic invasions in the western empire - crossroads of trade - easily fortified site on a peninsula bordered by natural harbors

question

role of Constantinople

answer

- seat of the byzantine empire until ottoman conquest - preserved classical greco-roman culture - center of trade

question

the cultural and political differences between the eastern and western roman empires weakened the unity of the __________ ___________ and led to its division

answer

christian church

question

eastern church

answer

- centered in constantinople - close to seat of power after constantinople became capital - use of greek language in the liturgy

question

western church

answer

- centered in rome - farther from seat of power after constantinople became capital - use of latin language in the liturgy

question

division between western and eastern churches

answer

- authority of the pope eventually accepted in the west - authority of the patriarch accepted in the east - practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the west

question

what spread roman cultural and technological achievements throughout the empire?

answer

conquests and trade

question

what was western civilization influenced by?

answer

the cultural achievements of rome

question

art and architecture contributions of ancient rome:

answer

pantheon, colosseum, forum

question

technology contributions of ancient rome:

answer

roads, aqueducts, roman arches

question

science contributions of ancient rome:

answer

achievements of Ptolemy

question

medicine contributions of ancient rome:

answer

emphasis of public health (public baths, public water systems, medical school)

question

language contributions of ancient rome:

answer

latin, romance languages

question

literature contributions of ancient rome:

answer

virgil's Aeneid

question

religion contributions of ancient rome:

answer

roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion

question

law contributions of ancient rome:

answer

the principle of "innocent until proven guilty" (from the twelve tables)

question

as the first to codify roman law, justinian provided the basis for what?

answer

the law codes of western europe

question

under justinian, the byzantine empire reached its what?

answer

reached its height in culture and prosperity

question

byzantine emperor justinian

answer

- codification of roman law (impact on european legal codes) - reconquest of former roman territories - expansion of trade

question

greek orhthodox christianity and imperial patrongange enabled the byzantine empire to develop what?

answer

a unique style of art and of architecture

question

greek and roman traditions were preserved in what?

answer

the byzantine empire

question

byzantine achievements in art and architecture

answer

- inspiration provided by christian religion and imperial power - icons (religious images) - mosaics in public and religious structures - hagia sophia (byzantine domes church)

question

byzantine culture

answer

- continued flourishing of greco-roman traditions - greek lanugage (as contrasted with latin in the west) - greek orthodox christianity - greek and roman knowledge perserved in byzantine libraries

question

byzantine civilization influenced russian and eastern european civilizations through its ________ _______ ______

answer

religion, culture, and trade

question

influence of byzantine culture on eastern europe and russia

answer

- trade routes between black sean and baltic sea - adoptions of orthodox christianity by russia and much of eastern europe - adoptions of greek alphabet for the slavic languages by st. cyril (cyrillic alphabet) - church architecture and religious art

question

what forms the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith?

answer

the revelations of muhammad

question

who spread islam?

answer

muhammad and his followers

question

islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created what?

answer

distinctive muslim culture

question

origins of islam

answer

- muhammad, the prophet - mecca and medina on the arabian peninsula: early muslim cities

question

spread of islam

answer

- across asia and africa and into spain - geographic extent of first muslim empire

question

beleifs, traditions, and customs of islam

answer

- monotheism: allah (arabic word for god) - qur'an (koran): the word of god - five pillars of islam - acceptance of judeo-christian prophets, including moses and jesus

question

major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of islamic civilization

answer

- death of ali: sunni-shi'a division - muslim conquuests of jerusalem and damascus - islamic capital moved to baghdad - muslim defeat at the battle of tours - fall of baghdad to the mongols

question

what grew in importance after roman authority decline and became the unifying force in western europe

answer

the roman catholic church

question

during the middle ages who anointed the emperors?

answer

the pope

question

who carried christianity to the germanic tribes?

answer

missionaries

question

what served the social, political, and religious needs of the people

answer

the church

question

foundations of early medieval society

answer

- classical heritage of rome - christian beliefs - customs of germanic tribes

question

influence of the roman catholic church

answer

- secular authority declined, while church authority grew - monasteries preserved greco-roman cultural achievements - missionaries carried christianity and latin alphabet to germanic tribes - the pope anointed charleemagne emperor in 800 AD - parish priests served religious and social needs of the people

question

invasions by who disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe?

answer

angles, saxons, magyars, and vikings

question

areas of settlement

answer

- angles and saxons migrated from continetal europe to england - magyars migrated from central asia to hungary - vikings migrated from scandinavia to russia

question

influence of the angles, saxons, magyars, and vkings

answer

- manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system - invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened

question

what happened in the first three centuries after Muhammad's death?

answer

muslim rule expanded rapidly, overcoming geographic barriers, and facilitated by weakened political empires

question

what facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity?

answer

political unity and the arabic language

question

geographic influences on the origin and spread of islam

answer

- diffusion along trade routes from mecca and medina - expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers - spread into the fertile crescent, iran, and central asia facilitated by weak byzantine and persian empires

question

geographic influences on economic, social, and political development

answer

- political unity of the first muslim empire was short- lived - arabic language spread with isla, and facilitate trade across islamic lands - slavery was not based on race

question

early islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and arts that transformed ____________________________________________

answer

the islamic world and contributed to world civilization

question

cultural contributions and achievements

answer

- architecture (dome of rock) - mosaic - arabic alphabet - universities - translation of ancient texts into arabic

question

scientific contributions and achievements

answer

- arabic numbers (adapted from India, including zero) - algebra - medicine - expansion of geographic knowledge

question

the decline of rome influence in western europe left people with little protection agianst invasion, so they entered into _________ __________ with landholding lords who promised them protection. Invasions shattered roman protection over the empire

answer

feudal agreements

question

feudal society during the middle ages

answer

- fiefs - vassals - serfs - feudal obligations

question

manorial system during the middle ages

answer

- rigid class structure - self-sufficient manors

question

frankish kings used military power to expand their territory. the alliance between frankish kings and the church re-established roman culture (Christianity) in western europe

answer

- franks emerged as a force in western europe - the pope crowned the emperor - power of the church was established in political life - most of western europe was included in the new empire - churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire

question

major trade patterns of the eastern hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 AD

answer

- silk routes across asia to the mediterranean basin - maritime routes across the indian ocean - trans-saharan routes across north africa - northern european links with the black sea - western european sea and river trade - south china sea and lands of southeast asia

question

japanese cultural development was influenced by proximity to china. _______ and ________ coexisted as religious treasons in the japanese's culture

answer

shinto and buddhism

question

location and place

answer

- mountainous japanese archipelago (four main islands) - sea of japan or east sea between Japan and asian mainland - proximity to china and korea

question

influence of chinese culture

answer

- writing - architecture - buddhism

question

shinto

answer

- ethnic religion unique to japan - importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors - state religion; worship of the emperor

question

azum

answer

- location relative to the ethiopian highlands and the nile river - christian kingdom

question

zimbabwe

answer

- locations relative to the zambezi and limpopo rivers and the indian ocean coast - city of "great zimbabwe" as capital of a prosperous empire

question

west african kingdoms

answer

- locations of ghana, mali, and songhai empires relative to niger river and the sahara - importance of gold and salt to trans-saharan trade - city of timbuktu as center of trade and learning - roles of animism and islam

question

goods

answer

- gold from west africa - spices from lands around the indian ocean - textiles from india, china, the middle east, and later europe - porcelain from china and persia - amber from the baltic regions

question

technology

answer

- paper from china through the muslim world to byzantium and wester europe - new crops from india (for making sugar) - waterwheels and windmills from the middle east - navigation: compass from china, lateen sail from indian ocean region

question

ideas

answer

-spread of religions across the hemisphere - buddhism from china to korea and japan - hinduism and buddhism from india to southeast asia - islam into west africa, central and southeast asia - printing and paper money from china

question

mayan civilization

answer

- located in the mexican and central american rain forests - represented by chichen itza - groups of city states ruled by kings - economy based on agriculture and trade - polytheistic religion: pyramids

question

aztec civilization

answer

- located in arid valley in central mexico - represented by tenochtitlan - ruled by an emperor - economy based on agriculture and tribute from conquered peoples - polytheistic religion: pyramids, rituals

question

incan civilization

answer

- located in the andes mountain of south america - represented by machu picchu - ruled by an emperor - economy based on high-altitude agriculture - polytheistic religion - road system

question

achievements of mayan, aztec and incan civilizations

answer

- calendars - mathematics - writing and other record keeping systems

question

european monarchies consolidated their power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period. England

answer

- william the conqueror, leaders of the norman conquest, united most of england - common law had its beginnings during the reign of henry ii - king john signed the magna carta, limiting the king's power - the hundres year's war between england and france helped define england as a nation - evolution of parliament

question

france

answer

- hugfh capet established the french throne in paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of france - the hundred year's war between england and france helped define france as a nation - joan of arc was a unifying factor

question

spain

answer

- ferdinand and isabelle unified the country and expelled jews and moors - spanish empire in the western hemisphere expanded uner charles V

question

russia

answer

- ivan the great threw off the rule of the mongol, centralized power in moscow, and expanded the russian nation - power was centralized in the hands of the tsar - the orthodox church influenced unificiation

question

church scholars

answer

- were among the very few who could read and write - worked in monasteries - translated greek and arabic works into latin - made new knowledge in philosophy, medicin, and science available in europe - laid the foundation for the rise of universities in europe

question

economic effects of the crusades

answer

- increased demand for middle eastern products - stimulated production of goods to trade in middle eastern markets - encouraged the use of credit and banking

question

important economic concepts

answer

- church rule againts usury and the banks' practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern italy - letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade - new accounting and bookkeeping practiced (use of arabic numerals) were introduced

question

florice, venic, and genoa

answer

- had access to trade routes connecting europe with middle east market - served as trading center for distribution of goods to northern europe - were initially independent city-states governmed as republics

question

machiavelli's the Prince

answer

- an early modern treatise on government - supports absolute power of the ruler - maintains that the end justifies the means - advises that one should not only do good if possible, but do evil when necessary

question

key events of the crusades

answer

- pope urban's speech - the capture of jerusalem - founding of crusader states - loss of jersualem to saladin - sack of constantinople by western crusaders

question

effects of the crusades

answer

- weakened the pope and nobles; strengthened monarchs - stimulated trade throughout the mediterranean area and the middle east - left a legacy of bitterness among christians, jews, and muslims - weakened the byzantine empire

question

mongol armies

answer

- invaded russia, china, and muslim states in southwest asia, destroying cities and countryside - created an empire

question

Constantinople

answer

- fell to the ottoman turks in 1453, ending the byzantine empire - became capital of the ottoman empire

question

impact of the black death

answer

- decline in population - scarcity of labor - towns freed from feudal obligations - decline of church influence - disruption of trade

question

northern renaissance

answer

- growing wealth in northern europe supported renaissance ideas - northern renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with christianity - the movable type printing press and the production and sale of books disseminate ideas (gutenburg bible)

question

northern renaissance writers

answer

- erasmus: the praise of folly (1511) - sir thomas more: utopia (1516)

question

artistic and literary creativity

answer

- leonardo da vinci: mona lisa and the last supper - michelangelo: ceiling of the sistine chapel and david - petrarch: sonnets, humanist scholarship

question

humanism

answer

- celebrated the individual - stimulated the study of classical greek and roman literature and culture - supported by wealthy patrons

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