question

geocentric theory

answer

in the middle ages, the earth centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was immovable object located in the center of the universe

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scientific revolution

answer

a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypothesis

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heliocentric theory

answer

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun

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scientific method

answer

a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimental and observation are used to test hypotheses

question

enlightenment

answer

an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and scientific method to all aspects of life

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social contract

answer

the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organization society or government

question

philosophe

answer

one of a group of social thinkers in France during the enlightenment period

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salon

answer

a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those in the homes of the wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment

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baroque

answer

relating to a grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600s and early 1700s

question

neoclassical

answer

relating to a simple, elegant style (based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome) that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700s

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enlightenment despot

answer

one of the 18th century European movement European monarchs who was inspired by the enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects

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checks and balances

answer

measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others

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federal system

answer

a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states

question

bill of rights

answer

the first ten amendments to the US constitution, which protect citizens' basic rights and freedoms

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old regime

answer

the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution

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estates

answer

one of the three social classes in france before the french revolution-- the first estate consisting of the clergy; the second estate, of the nobility; third estate rest of the population

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estates-general

answer

an assembly of representatives from all three estates, or social classes in France

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national assembly

answer

a french congress established by representatives of the third estate to enact laws and reforms in the name of the french people

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tennis court oath

answer

a pledge made made by the members of France's national assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

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great fear

answer

a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille

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legislative assembly

answer

a french assembly with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution if 1791

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emigre

answer

a person who leaves his native country for political reasons, like the nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the french revolution

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sans-culotte

answer

in the French revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners and small shop keepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end to food shortages

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jacobin

answer

political party that took over the french revolution in 1793, led by max Robespierre, instituted the reign if terror, republican govt

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reign of terror

answer

the period from mid 1793 to mid 1794 where maximelien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed

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coup d'etat

answer

a sudden seizure of political power in a nation

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plebiscite

answer

a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

question

lycee

answer

a state-run public school in France

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concordat

answer

a formal agreement--especially one between the pope and govt dealing with the control of Church affairs

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napoleonic code

answer

a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

question

battle of trafalgar

answer

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson

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continental system

answer

napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy

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peninsular war

answer

a conflict, lasting from 1808-1813 in which spanish rebels with the aid of british forces fought to drive napoleons french troops out of spain

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scorched-earth policy

answer

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so the enemy cannot live off the land

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waterloo

answer

napoleon's last battle

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hundred days

answer

the brief period during 1815 when napoleon made his last bid for power deposing the french king and again becoming emperor of france

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congress of vienna

answer

a series of meetings in 1814-1815 during which european leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of napoleon

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holy alliance

answer

a league of european nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the congress of vienna

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concert of europe

answer

a series of alliances among european nations in the 19th century devised by Prince Klemens no matternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

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peninsulare

answer

in Spanish society colonists who were born in Spain

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creole

answer

in Spanish society colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents

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mulatto

answer

persons of mixed european and african ancestry

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conservative

answer

in the first half of the 19th century, a european--mainly wealthy landowners and nobles-- who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe

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liberal

answer

in the first half of the 19th century, those europeans--mainly middle class and business owners and merchants-- who wanted to give more political power to elected parliaments

question

radical

answer

in the first half of the 19th century, those europeans who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people

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nationalism

answer

the belief that all people should be loyal mainly to their nation-- that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history--rather than to a king or empire

question

russification

answer

the process of forcing russian culture on all ethnic groups in the russian empire

question

realpolitik

answer

"the politics of reality"-- the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism

question

romanticism

answer

an early 19th century movement in art and thought, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society

question

realism

answer

a 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it was rather than it should be

question

impressionism

answer

a movement in the 19th century painting, in which artists reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time

question

industrial revolution

answer

the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century from making goods by hands to making goods by machine

question

enclosure

answer

one of the fenced in or hedged in fields created by wealthy british landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers

question

crop rotation

answer

the system of growing different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

question

factors of production

answer

the resources--including land, labor, and capital--that are needed to produce goods and service

question

entrepreneur

answer

a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business

question

urbanization

answer

the growth of cities and the migration of people into them

question

stock

answer

rights of ownership

question

corporation

answer

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profit but are not personally responsible foe its debts

question

laissez faire

answer

the idea that the govt should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses

question

capitalism

answer

an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment in business ventures in order to make a profit

question

utilitarianism

answer

the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s that the govt actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

question

socialism

answer

an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

question

communism

answer

an economic system in which all means of production--land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses-- are all owned by the public, private property does not exist, all goods and services are shared equally

question

union

answer

an association of workers formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages

question

strike

answer

to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands

question

suffrage

answer

the right to vote

question

chartist movement

answer

in the 19th century britain, members of the working class demanded reforms in parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all men

question

third republic

answer

the republic that was established in france after the downfall of napoleon III and ended with the German occupation of france in WWII

question

dreyfus affair

answer

a controversy in the 1890s centering the trial and imprisonment of a jewish army officer, Alfred Dreyfus, who had been falsely accused of selling military secrets to germany, first instance of anti-semitism on a national level

question

zionism

answer

a movement founded in the 1890s to promote jewish self-determination and the establishment of a jewish state in the ancient jewish homeland, jewish desire for a homeland in palestine

question

dominion

answer

in the british empire a nation like canada allowed to govern its own domestic affairs

question

maori

answer

a member of a polynesian people who settled in new zealand around 800 bc

question

aborigne

answer

a member of any native peoples in australia

question

penal colony

answer

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

question

home rule

answer

a control over internal matters granted to the residents of a region by a ruling government

question

irish republican army

answer

an unofficial nationalist military force seeking independence for ireland from great britain

question

manifest destiny

answer

the idea, popular among mid 19th century americans, that was the right and the duty of the united states to rule north america from the atlantic ocean to pacific ocean

question

secede

answer

to withdraw formally from an association or alliance

question

emancipation proclamation

answer

a declaration issued by the u.s. president abraham lincoln in 1863, stating that all slaves in the confederate states were free

question

assembly line

answer

in a factory an arrangement in which a product is moved from worker to worker with each person performing a single task in its manufacture

question

theory of evolution

answer

the idea proposed by charles darwin in 1859 that species of plants and animals arise by means of a process of natural selection

question

radioactivity

answer

a form of energy released as atoms decay

question

galileo galilei

answer

an italian scientist, built on the new theories about astronomy he built his own telescope and used it to study, announced that jupiter had 4 moons and the sun had dark spots, supported copernicus's theory, was tortured into agreeing that copernicus theories were false

question

isaac newton

answer

english scientist was certain that all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces, great discovery was that the same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space, law of gravity, god was the creator of the universe

question

john locke

answer

positive view of human nature, people can learn and improve themselves, criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government

question

voltaire

answer

most brilliant and influential philosopher, published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama, contributed tolerance to the bill of rights, fought for tolerance, reason, and freedom of religious beliefs and freedom of speech

question

montesquieu

answer

french writer who devoted himself to the study of political liberty, should be governed with the balance of powers, different of powers

question

Rousseau

answer

passionately devoted to individual freedom, writer of essays, civilization corrupted people's natural goodness, good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society

question

Mary Wollstonecraft

answer

writer who stood up for women's rights, that women's education should be equal, women should go into male-dominated fields

question

Catherine the Great

answer

most admired ruler of russia, exchanged letters with voltaire, recommended allowing religious tolerance and abolishing torture and capital punishment

question

Thomas Jefferson

answer

wrote the declaration of independence

question

Andreas Vesalius

answer

responsible for performing some of the first dissections of human corpses and develop the science of anatomy

question

Zacharias Janssen

answer

Dutch maker of eyeglasses, invented the first microscope.

question

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answer

Dutch drapery merchant and amateur scientist, used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings. Also examined red blood cells for the first time.

question

Thomas Hobbes

answer

thought that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked, needed govt to keep them in order, life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short, people should hand over their rights to a strong leader, social contract, supported absolute monarchy (rebecca note-he was not a hobby person..like happy)

question

Denis Diderot

answer

leading philosopher who created a large set of books to which many scholars contributed essays, called it encyclopedia, helped spread enlightenment ideas in articles

question

Beccaria

answer

promoted for fairness for criminals and the accused, right to a fair and speedy trial, wanted to abolish the death penalty and said punishment should fit crime

question

Johannes Kepler

answer

tycho brache's assistant, a brilliant mathematician, continued his work of recording the movement of the planets, certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion, revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits, proved copernicus theory

question

Robert Boyle

answer

founded the use of the scientific method, founder of modern chemistry, matter was made up of tiny particles that joined together in different ways, boyle's law volume temp and pressure of gas affect each other

question

Francis Bacon

answer

english statesman and writer, believed that by a better understanding of the world, science would improve people's lives, attacked medieval scholars who relied too much on aristotle, experiment then draw conclusions, empiricism

question

Nicolaus Copernicus

answer

made the heliocentric theory where the stars, moons, and planets revolved around the sun, didn't publish his work because it would contradict with their religious beliefs

question

Rene Descartes

answer

developed analytical geometry which linked algebra and geometry, everything should be doubted until proven reason, relied on mathematics and logic

question

Joseph II

answer

the most radical reformer of austria, son of maria theresa, introduced legal reforms and freedom to the press, supported freedom of worship, abolished serfdom so peasants could be paid

question

Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven

answer

three composers of austria who were the featest figures, who wrote dramatic organ and choral music, developed a new lighter more elegant style of music called classical

question

Frederick the Great

answer

loved music, philosophy, and poetry, witnessed his friends beheading after they tried to run away, followed in his father's military policies when he came to power, softened father's laws, encouraged religious toleration and legal reform

question

Marie-Therese Geoffrin

answer

Most influential salon hostess in Voltaire's time. Helped finance the project of a leading philosophe named Denis Diderot.

question

Louis XVI

answer

married to marie antoinette, easily bored, wanted to improve the lives of the common people but he lacked the ability to make decisions, french king who spent lots of money and ended up getting beheaded by the guillotine

question

Marie Antoinette

answer

came from austria, wasn't liked by the french becuase she was a foreigner, married to louis xvi, spent too much money and got french in a bigger debt, got beheaded by the guillotine

question

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes

answer

leading spokesperson for the viewpoint of the Third Estate, a clergyman sympathetic to their cause. In a speech he suggested that the Third Estate delegates name themselves the National Assembly and pass laws & reforms in the name of the French people.

question

Maximilien Robespierre

answer

A Jacobin leader, set out to build a "republic of virtue" by wiping out every trace of France's past. Changed calender and destroyed churches because religion was considered dangerous. He became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety and the next year governed France virtually as a dictator. His rule became known as the Reign of Terror. Was sent to the guillotine when some members of the National Convention turned on him in fear for their lives.

question

Olympe de Gouges

answer

published a declaration of the rights of women, her ideas were rejected. Later she was declared an enemy of the Revolution and executed.

question

Jean-Paul Marat

answer

One of the most prominent Jacobins, he edited a newspaper called L'Ami du Peuple. In his editorials he called for the death of all those who continued to support the king.

question

Georges Danton

answer

a lawyer, among the editorial clubs (of the L'Ami du Peuple) most talented and passionate speakers. Was also known for his devotion to the rights of Paris's poor.

question

Napoleon Bonaparte

answer

became emperor of france after the french revolution, expanded frances borders to include almost all of europe, war with russia was ultimate downfall

question

King Louis XVIII

answer

Assumed throne but was quickly unpopular among subjects, especially the peasants-suspected him of wanting to undo the Revolution's land reforms. Lost power during the Hundred Days. (ruled again after.)

question

Klemens von Metternich

answer

Most influential representative of the Congress of Vienna. he distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution, wanted to keep things as they were. Had 3 goals- to prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries, restore a balance of power, & restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleon's conquests.

question

Admiral Nelson

answer

navy commander for great britain, defeated napoleons force mulitple times, most notably at the battle of trafalagar

question

Czar Alexander I

answer

russia king at the time when napoleon invaded russia, successfully defeated the french, by retreating his troops and scorched earth policy

question

Simon Bolivar

answer

brilliant creole general, Venezuela declared its independence from Spain,his volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered defeat until they went through the Andes and surprised the Spanish army and won. Also left his army for him to command.

question

Jose de San Martin

answer

brilliant creole general, Argentina declared its independence. But Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru posed a threat, led an army across the Andes to Chile where he was joined by Bernardo O'Higgins and freed Chile. And then with Bolivars army freed Peru.

question

Miguel Hidalgo

answer

a priest, firmly believed in Enlightenment ideals. He rang the bells of his village church and when peasant gathered he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish. The next day 80,000 men marched toward Mexico City. Was defeated in 1811.

question

Jose Maria Morelos

answer

Rebels from Hidalgo rallied around Jose who led the revolution for 4 yrs. But was defeated by Agustin de Iturbide.

question

Bernardo O'Higgins

answer

son of a former viceroy of Peru, helped San Martin free Chile.

question

Toussaint L'Ouverture

answer

leader of 100,000 enslaved Africans in the colony of Haiti rebellion against their French masters. Unfamiliar with military and diplomatic matters, he became a skilled general and diplomat. He took control of the entire island and freed all the enslaved Africans. (kidnapped & died in Switzerland)

question

Louis-Napoleon

answer

nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. Won the presidential election, 4 yrs later he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III. The French were weary of instability and welcomed a strong ruler who would bring peace. He supported industrialization and the country experienced real prosperity.

question

Alexander II

answer

Moved Russia towards modernization and social change. Decreed serfs freedom-halfway (debt tied them to land) His political and social reforms stopped when terrorists assassinated him.

question

Camillo di Cavour

answer

prime minister, a cunning statesman who worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia's power. Using alliances and diplomacy he gained control of northern Italy for Sardinia. Also secretly helped nationalist rebels in southern Italy.

question

Giuseppe Garibaldi

answer

Led an army of Italian nationalists known as the Red Shirts. Captured Sicily and eventually agreed to unite the southern areas he had conquered with Piedmont-Sardinia.

question

Otto von Bismarck

answer

Instrumental in uniting Germany. Believed in Realpolitik. Won 7 weeks war & Franco-Prussian war.

question

Adam Smith

answer

economist, supports laissez faire and no govt inference in the economy, anti-communism

question

Karl Marx

answer

communist who beleived that capitalism who fail and the proletariat would create a new govt would become communist

question

Queen Victoria

answer

queen for nearly 64 yrs. British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power. Was very popular but forced to accept a less powerful role for the monarchy.

question

Alfred Dreyfus

answer

jewish falsely accused of selling military secrets, convicted to a life sentence, was not released from prison despite evidence proving his innocence

question

Abraham Lincoln

answer

President that was opposed by Southerners because he promised to stop the spread of slavery. Caused Southern states to secede from the Union. Lincoln fought to save the Union, and eventually decided that ending slavery would help save it. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

question

Charles Darwin

answer

English naturalist, challenged the idea of special creation. He developed a theory that all forms of life evolved from earlier living forms. His idea of change through natural selection came to be called the theory of evolution.

question

Thomas Edison

answer

Patented more than 1,000 inventions- light bulb & phonograph. Also started a research laboratory where many of his important inventions were developed.

question

Guglielmo Marconi

answer

a teacher of deaf students who invented the telephone in his spare time. Displayed it at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876.

question

Alexander Graham Bell

answer

Italian inventor that used theoretical discoveries about electromagnetic waves to create the first radio. (Important because it sent messages using Morse Code through air w/o wires)

question

Henry Ford

answer

American mechanic that decided to make cars that were affordable for most people. He used standardized, interchangeable parts and built them on an assembly line.

question

Ivan Pavlov

answer

Believed that human actions were often unconscious reactions to experiences and could be changed by training.

question

Marie Curie

answer

worked with her husband, discovered 2 missing elements- radium & polonium- they released a powerful form of energy that she named radioactivity.

question

Louis Pasteur

answer

Developed the germ theory of disease. While examining the fermentation process of alcohol, he discovered that it was caused by microscopic organisms called bacteria, he also learned that heat kills bacteria.

question

Wilbur Wright

answer

with his brother Orville, he flew a gasoline-powered flying machine. The longest flight was only 59 seconds, but it started the aircraft industry.

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

Believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act. Founded a type of therapy (psychoanalysis) to deal with conflicts created by these forces. His theories became very influential but shocked many people

question

How did Enlightenment ideas influence the arts and literature in Europe during the 1700s? Provide specific examples

answer

Enlightenment Ideas- reason/knowledge logical explanation question current knowledge challenged old ideas new theories scientific revolution scientific method applied to society Revolution- american and french democratic natural rights life, liberty, property individuality art/literature art realism details of reality neo- classicalism new interest in greek/roman art literature political rights of man individual realistic fiction was popular

question

How did the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Beccaria influence the U.S. Constitution?

answer

locke natural rights positive outlook on human nature SOCIAL CONTRACT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND GOVT right to revolution (declaration then leads to constitution) montesquieu separation of power checks and balances encouraged govt to have sop then led to 3 branches of govt rousseau individual freedoms speech religion petition inspired the bill of rights voltaire preached tolerance contributed to the boll of rights beccaria promoted fair treatment of criminals and the accused right to a fair and speedy trial wanted to abolish the death penalty crime should fit punishment

question

Do you think the causes of the French Revolution were economic or political in nature? Explain your answer.

answer

economic famine stroms and bad crop yield led to bread riots little wheat=less bread=prices up, bread main food source. excess spending of marie antionette 3rd estate paid taxes 1st-nobles 2nd-clergy didnt have to pay taxes political marie antionette was from austria & a spender, no male heir spending caused debt-fell onto 3rd estate. absolute monarchy citizens had no political rights no voting or representation king louis xvi was a weak leader received bad advice from marie engaged in excessive spending which led to a bigger debt

question

What might have caused the French people to embrace Napoleon as emperor so soon after fighting a revolution that rid them of a king? Support your answer with evidence.

answer

(revolution did not bring peace to france) jacobins-1792-93, republican govt, max rob turn into dark period of reign of terror, executed thousands of enemies of the revolution via guillotine, removed from 1796-99 when france is unstable with multiple vying for power (france tried to establish a rebublic) 1799-napoleon wins battle with austrians, popular and is encourages to take over, coup d etat accept this becauase they want stability. marched army onto paris to take over w/ little resistance.

question

How did nationalism and industrialization influence the romantic movement in art and literature? Support your answer by citing examples from the text.

answer

nationalism-individuals should be loyal and prideful to their ethnic history; culture, language, territory ex. greece, russia, italy, germany industrialization- development of machinery and factories, led to urbanization, positives-inventions, jobs, raised standard of living. negatives, pollution, child labor, working conditions, overcrowding in cities and houses romanticism-emotional, individual feelings, dramatic, nature/supernatural, love, positive/hope, nationalism inspired romanticism, coming together led to romantic art, hope industrialization moves art and literature out of romanticism to relaism

question

Why were some nationalistic movements successful and others failures? Support your answer with reasons and examples from the text.

answer

failures- russia- controlled many different ethnic groups,russification lead to division w/in Russia-not successful->division within russia, WWI communist revolution, end of russian empire ottoman- controlled territory with multiple ethnic groups so it passes tolerance laws for minorities, was a failure becuase turks resent the policy austrian-hungarian- wanted seperate independent territoy, eperor divided the Empire into 2 but didn't give them seperate rule. causes the empire to split into austria and hungary, still not independent (1 ruler) successes italy-leader that believed in a unified country, camillo di cavour-north, garibaldi-south, came together and joined forces under king victor emmanuel germany- otto van bismarck of prussia had a vision of unification of all the german state, he became the prime minister wanted realpolitik, expanded prussia's borders through force in the 7 weeks war and the franco-prussian war

question

What are some likely reasons that many middle-class British believed in the theories of laissez-faire capitalism and the free-market system in the 1800s?

answer

middle class=factory owners/managers, wanted to maximize profit, lassiez-faire capitalism-no govt interference in the economy, no taxes, no regulations on products, taxes and regulations make cost of production more expensive=less profit free trade-no shipping taxes, no taliffs, no interference in global trade that increases cost of production

question

Do you think the concept of complete reliance on a free-market system, using 19th-century Britain as a model, worked well? Explain.

answer

3 reasons why success or failure

question

What did the Dreyfus affair reveal about problems in France? Give specific examples.

answer

prejudice against minorities, anti-semitism, national distaste towards jews

question

How did the following U.S. policies advance or hinder democratic progress: manifest destiny, emancipation, and segregation? Explain.

answer

manifest destiny -idea that we americans had the god given right to expand westward and territory and emancipation are advanced democratic progress, segregation-> hinder (slow)

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