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morphology

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word forms, such as verb conjugations and noun-adjective declensions

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syntax

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the arranfement and interrelation of words to form meaningful phrases, clauses, and sentences

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verb (verbum)

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describes its subject's activity or state of being

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parts of speech

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verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepostions, conjugations, interjections

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five characteristics of a Latin verb

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person, number, tense, mood, voice

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person (persōna)

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who is the subject, i.e., who performs the action, from the speaker's point of view

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number (numerus)

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how many subjects, singular or plural

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tense (tempus, time)

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the time of the action

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six tenses of Latin

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present, future, imperfect, perfect, future perfect, pluperfect

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mood (modus, manner)

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the manner of indicating the action or state of being of the verb

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three moods of Latin

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indicative, imperative, subjunctive

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voice (vōx)

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an indication, with transitive verbs, of whether the subject performs the action or receives it

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conjugate (coniugāre, join together)

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to list all of a verb's forms, according to the different variations of person, number, tense, mood, and voice

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finite verb

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a verb that exhibits person, number, tense, mood, and voice

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personal endings

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verb endings which indicate distinctly the person, the number, and the voice of the verb

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infinitive

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verb form, usually preceded with "to," which lacks person and number

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stem vowel

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the vowel at the end of a verb stem, which indicates the verb's conjugation number (1st conjugation, 2nd, 3rd, etc)

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present stem

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verb stem formed by dropping the -re ending off of the infinitive form of the verb

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paradigm

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a model summary of a verb conjugation or a noun-adjective declension

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simple present (laudant)

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they praise

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progressive present (laudant)

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they are praising

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emphatic present (laudant)

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they do praise

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macrons

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used to mark long vowels

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imperative mood

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mood used for giving commands

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adverb (ad + verbum, next to/near the verb)

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a word that modifies a verb, it is typically positioned before the verb

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principal parts

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forms of a verb which must be memorized in order to be able to fully conjugate that verb

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noun (nōmen, name)

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names or identifies a person, place, or thing

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common noun

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a noun which names a general person, place, or thing

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proper noun

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a noun which names a specific person, place, or thing

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abstract noun

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noun which name a thing or idea which can not be seen (i.e. anger)

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concrete noun

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noun which names something which can be seen (i.e. gate)

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inflections

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the changing endings of individual words such as verb and noun-adjective endings which signal specifics of meaning

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cases

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the inflected forms of a noun

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nominative case

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case which indicates the "subject" of a finite verb

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genitive case

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case which indicates "possession", or when one noun is used to modify another

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dative case

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case which indicates the "indirect object" of verb

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accusative case

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case which indicates the "direct object" of a verb or sometimes the "object of a preposition" (for certain prepositions)

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preposition (praepositiō, placing before)

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a word governing, and usually placed before a noun/pronoun which is used to show a relationship between that noun/pronoun (the object of the preposition) and another noun/pronoun in the sentence, as in: "the man "ON" the platform" (ON shows a relationship between its object, PLATFORM, and another noun, MAN.) Examples: "by", "with", "from", "at", "in", "on", etc, which

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object of a preposition

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the noun or pronoun that follows a preposition in a prepositional phrase

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prepositional phrase

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a prepositon and its object (preposition + object of a preposition) which together modify another noun/pronoun in the sentence. Example: The farmer AT THE GATE (The prep. phrase, AT THE GATE, modifies another noun, FARMER)

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ablative case

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the adverbial case which is used to modify or limit the verb by such ideas as means, agent, accompaniment, manner, place, and time. It also indicates the "object of a preposition"

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vocative case

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case which indicates the noun/pronoun of "direct address", usually separated from the rest of the sentence by commas

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interjection (interiectiō, throwing into)

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an exclamatory word "thrown into" a sentence and expressing some emotion, ex. "Oh", "wow", "yikes"

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declension (dēclīnāre, to change the direction or form)

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the listing of all the cases of a noun or adjective

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decline

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to list all of the forms of a noun or adjective by adding endings to its base

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base

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noun/adjective stem formed by dropping its genitive ending (noun) or its feminine ending (adjective)

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gender

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a grammatical category governing the agreement between nouns/pronouns and adjectives, can be masculine, feminine, or neuter

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adjective (adiectīvum, set next to, added)

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word which adds information about (describes) or modifies a noun or pronoun, and usually follows the noun

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attributive adjectives

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adjectives used as simple modifiers, describing the attributes of a noun, ex. large, ancient, etc.

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morphology

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the different forms of words, such as verb conjugations and noun-adjective declensions

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syntax

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the arrangement and interrelation of words to form meaningful phrases, clauses, and sentences

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use/function (of a noun/adjective)

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the part of speech of a noun or adjective, ex. subject, object, object of preposition

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ambiguous forms

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noun/adjective endings that can represent more than once case

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conjunction (coniūnctiō, joining together)

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a word that connects two or more elements, such as two nouns or two clauses, ex. if, and, but

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coordinating conjunctions

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a conjunction which connects equivalent elements (and)

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subordinating conjunctions

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a conjunction which introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause and connects it with a main (independent) clause, ex. "IF I make a mistake, you advise me." (Independent clause: I make a mistake. Dependent clause: you advise me)

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appositive (ad, at/next to + pōnō, to set/position)

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a noun that is positioned next to another noun as an explanatory equivalent, and is commonly separated from the preceding noun by commas.The two nouns always agree in case, usually in number, and often in gender. Example: "I see Gaius, MY SON, in the field"

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Common Word Order in Latin

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1. Subjects and its modifiers, 2. Indirect object and modifiers, 3. Direct object and modifiers, 4. Adverbial words and phrases, 5. Verb (Nom, Dat, Acc, Abl, Verb)

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intransitive linking verb

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a verb which often connects its subject with a predicate nominative (predicate noun or adjective), its voice is neither active nor passive, ex. "sum, esse"

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subject (+ modifiers) and predicate

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the two divisions of a sentence

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predicate

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the part of a sentence which consists of the verb and all of its dependent words and phrases. Example: "The old men RAN QUICKLY TO THE DOOR."

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predicate nominatives

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the nouns and adjectives following a linking verb in the predicate of a sentence

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predicate adjective

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an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject. Example: "The young girl is SMART." ("young" would be an attributive adjective)

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substantive adjective

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an adjective that takes the place of a noun. Example: "FEW are thinking about the danger." (Few = few men or women, etc.)

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indeclinable

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a noun that has only one form which could be used as subject, direct object, etc.

Wheelock’s Latin: Grammar Terms – Flashcards

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