Western Europe and Mongols Test Study Guide – Flashcards
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476 CE
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Fall of Rome
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Catholic Church organization
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Pope -> archbishops -> bishops -> priests
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Pope
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head of the church
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Archbishops
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ruled over Roman provinces
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Bishops
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The successors of the Apostles
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Priests
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people who performed religious ceremonies
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Petrine Doctrine
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Peter was given authority to rule, how pope claims legitimacy
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Germanic Tribes
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Nomadic groups that invaded the Roman Empire from the North and East. They caused the fall of Rome.
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Wergild
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a fine paid to the relatives of a murdered person to free the offender from further obligations or punishment
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Assimilation
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blending of two cultures (Clovis became Christian to have political power)
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Clovis
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Sets up Merovingian Dynasty and makes count under king and bishops
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Clothilde
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wife of Clovis who had a major impact on Christianity, women still played important role on politics
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Merovingian Dynasty
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founded by Clovis in France, exception to a decentralized Europe b/c they have a central gov't
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Mayor of the Palace
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person who is the administrative head of the palace that started during the Merovingian Dynasty
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Count
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like a governor, over a certain region - in charge of raising troops, collecting taxes, deciding legal cases
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Charles Martel
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son of a mayor of the palace who inherited his position and gained followers and reinforced the Christian religion of the Franks - Battle of Poitiers
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Battle of Poitiers
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battle b/t Charles Martel and Muslims, stops spread of Islam, similar to Battle of Gettysburg and Spanish Armada
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Charlemagne
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added Germany to Frankish kingdom and created an empire, bringing Christianity to northern Europe, crowned by the Pope, created Holy Roman Empire - linked gov't with Christian Church, most successful, takes over largest amount of land, doesn't last b/c land divided b/t 3 sons
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Why is Charlemagne an example of how history is complicated?
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Successful early on - example of feudalism before the vikings were attacking but historians think that vikings caused feudalism
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How does the primary source about Charlemagne demonstrate values of Germanic tribes?
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C was friendly but commanding; had a healthy/positive relationship between C and the Church
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Vikings
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Norse men from Scandinavia
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What role did the vikings play in the traditional interpretation of feudalism?
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they spread ideas and caused feudalism to develop
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Do vikings have to be seen as brutal barbarians? Explain.
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no b/c they invaded bc of the population increase and were against theft
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What might the vikings foreshadow?
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feudalism!
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What is happening to politics in the high middle ages?
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feudalism
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Feudalism
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political relationship b/t king, and nobles and lords
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Homage
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Honor or respect shown publicly
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Vassals
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knight or lesser lord
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Knights
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not involved in any government activity wand were not part of the noble class
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Fealty
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loyalty
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Fief
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land given to a vassal by a lord for loyalty/military service
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Manorialism
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economic system in which landed estates of a lord were worked by peasants in exchange for protection
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William the Conquerer
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conquered England in 1066 and set up centralized gov't
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Domesday Book
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thorough census taken by William the conqueror
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1066
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Battle of Hastings - unification of England
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How does William gain power? Give evidence
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set up centralized government by giving all land and power to his loyal French generals, establishing a law code, enforcing Christianity, and taking a thorough census
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Philip Augustus
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began centralizing government but angered Pope
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How does Philip gain power? Give evidence
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forced all nobles in France to answer to him through defeating in battle and through oaths
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How does Philip compare to William? Explain
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he made strides in setting up centralized government but wasn't as effective as William
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Frederick Barbarossa
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required vassals to take an oath, tried to make alliances with all main lords, appointed bishops, tried to enforce peace/law in Germany
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How successful was Barbarossa compared to William and Philip?
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mostly unsuccessful because no country or government really existed
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Lay investiture
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argument b/t king and pope, king wants to appoint bishops, but pope claims it is his power
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Hanseatic League
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towns in the Holy Roman Empire formed their own sort of government to make trade easier and safer
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Commercial Revolution
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The trade from the Hanseatic League increased within the towns as well as long-distance and created a strong economic surge
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Describe life in a medieval town
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boroughs, merchants chose mayor and held a market, high walls, no weapons or masks, curfew, serf/peasants could become freemen
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Universities
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Oxford, Cambridge, Paris, etc. - focus on theology and law
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Thomas Aquinas
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wrote Summa Theologica
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Norwich Cathedral
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P: part of norman conquest E: stone brought from France (economic growth and trade) I: carvings, architecture
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Those who work
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peasants/serfs; live on manor; worked for lord on land; provided food for everyone
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peasants
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able to own land
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serfs
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tied to land, not able to own land
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Those who pray
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educated elite; smallest class; Church = center of community life; Economic role
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Those who fight
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nobility/landed elite; protect estate; defense
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Role of Church
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center of community life
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Role of women
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economic status, played large roles on estates, held status, women could read and write
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Schism
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division within the church - b/t the orthodox and catholic christians, and then another one when we end up with 2 popes
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Black Death
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plague that killed 1/3 - 1/2 of the population in Western Europe resulting in economic issues and moral decay
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Nomadic
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herders not tied to cities or farms
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Barbarian
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stereotype: violent, cruel
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Stereotypes of Mongols
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barbaric
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Yurt
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large yet portable dwelling development by Mongols
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Felt
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durable type of cloth used by Mongols
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Kumiss
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fermented milk
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Hoelun
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GK's mom who held tribe together after her husband died
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Borte
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wife of GK who was stolen but GK still loved her
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Shamanism
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religion of mongols similar to animism
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Tactics of Genghis Khan
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feigned retreat, archery
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Great Yasa
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law code of Mongols
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Song Dynasty
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dynasty that had tea and rice and foot binding
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Footbinding
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Began in Song Dynasty - only upper class, small feet = beautiful
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Samarkand
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Mongols took over
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Bukhara
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Mongols took over
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Why were the Mongols unable to conquer Japan?
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weather
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Samurai
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powerful soldiers fighting for lords
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Yuan Dynasty
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est. by Kublai Khan and had salt, sugar, tapestries, spice and came up with a passport
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Kublai Khan
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founder of Yuan Dynasty
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Marco Polo
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merchant from Venice who traveled to China and made Europeans respect and get intrigued about China
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Yam system
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relay system for trade
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Bronze passports
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used to travel
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Silk Road
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mongols re-opened for trade
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Pax Mongolica
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The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.
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Golden Horde
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Russia
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Tamerlane
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barbaric ruler
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Mughal Empire
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India
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Taj Mahal
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built in Mughal Empire by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife
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Akbar the Great
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Mughal empire famous for religious tolerance
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How did stereotypes of the Mongols show up not just in entertainment, but also in science?
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seen as barbaric and ruthless as seen in movies and people call children with down-syndrome mongolian (racist)
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Key lessons to be learned from the Mongols.
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stereotypes aren't always correct
