Western Civilization Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Nuremberg Trials
answer
former Nazis put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity
question
NEP
answer
Lenin's New Economic Plan - introduced capitalism into communism
question
U-Boat
answer
Underwater boat (submarine)
question
Hiroshima
answer
first city to be destroyed by a nuclear weapon
question
Eli Whitney
answer
invented the cotton gin
question
Ninety-Five Theses
answer
Grievances against the church - (Martin Luther)
question
Toussaint L'Ouverture
answer
led Haiti to independence
question
Cultural Diffusion
answer
spread of cultural ideas around the world
question
Cultural Diversity
answer
variety of cultures; cultural differences
question
Bougeoisie
answer
middle class
question
Three Estates
answer
1-clergy, 2-nobility, 3-everyone else
question
Estates General
answer
meeting of the estates
question
Josef Stalin
answer
leader of Soviet Union - everything he did failed
question
Immediate Cause of World War I
answer
assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
question
Underlying Causes of World War I
answer
nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances
question
Sale of Indulgences
answer
selling forgiveness of sins
question
Thomas Malthus
answer
population increases more rapidly than food supply - wars and epidemics need to kill off extra people
question
David Riccardo
answer
wages would be forced down as population increased
question
September 1, 1939
answer
WWII begins - Germany invades Poland
question
Reconquesta
answer
reconquest of Spain from the Muslims by Ferdinand and Isabella
question
Duma
answer
Russian Parliament
question
Ethnocentric
answer
belief that one's ethnic group is centrally important
question
Petition of Rights
answer
signed by Charles I - limited the power of the English monarch
question
Duke of Wellington
answer
defeated Napoleon for the final time at the Battle of Waterloo
question
Horatio Nelson
answer
British admiral - defeats Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar
question
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
answer
motto of the french revolution
question
Henry VIII
answer
began Protestant Reformation in England, began Anglican Church because pope would not grant him a divorce - married 6 times
question
Bolsheviks
answer
(red) - V.I. Lenin - believed that the revolution had to be led by an elite group of people who devoted life to revolution and would lead the revolution until the proletariat was ready to take over.
question
Mensheviks
answer
(white) - Alexander Kerensky - wanted to wait until the proletariat was ready
question
Peter The Great
answer
Czar of Russia (Peter I)
question
Isaac Newton
answer
English scientist and mathmatician - all physical objects are affected equally by the same forces - law of universal gravitation
question
Johan Gutenberg
answer
invented the printing press (movable type)
question
Karl Marx
answer
German journalist - Marxism - radical type of socialism
question
Mohandas Gandhi
answer
non-violence - civil disobedience - boycotts - fasts - led marches (salt march) - gained worldwide sympathy - killed in 1948 by Hindus who believed he was a traitor
question
Benito Mussolini
answer
fascist leader of Italy
question
Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points
answer
wanted "peace without victory" - (self-determination, fair peace, disarmament, fair treatment of colonial people, no secret alliances, league of nations)
question
NATO
answer
defensive alliance against communism - Western European nations, U.S. and Canada
question
Warsaw Pact
answer
defensive alliance of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European bloc nations
question
Paul Von Hindenberg
answer
president of the Weimar Republic - appoints Hitler chancellor
question
Nikita Khrushchev
answer
becomes leader of USSR - believes in destalinization - in 1956 viewed as a weak leader
question
Cold War
answer
war of ideology
question
Reparations
answer
money paid for doing something wrong
question
Adam Smith
answer
(believed in laissez faire) - free markets - government should not interfere
question
Nicholas Copernicus
answer
polish mathematician and astronomer - discovered that Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
question
Heliocentric
answer
believed that the Earth revolved around the sun
question
Geocentric
answer
believed that the sun revolved around the Earth
question
Black Death (Bubonic Plague)
answer
spread by fleas carried by rats - killed between 1/4 - 1/3 of the population of Europe
question
Columbian Exchange
answer
the exchange of goods and animals between the Americas and Europe
question
Treaty of Versailles
answer
ends WWI on November 11, 1918; Germany was demilitarized, territorial changes/new countries, reparations (Germany had to pay 30 billion dollars), league of nations
question
Adolf Hitler
answer
leader of Nazis - starts Holocaust - wants master race (Aryan) - creates 3rd Reich
question
White Man's Burden
answer
white people influence Africans and introduce them to western culture
question
Otto Von Bismarck
answer
German-Prussian - First Chancellor of the German Empire
question
Rene Descartes
answer
invented analytical geometry - said, "I think, therefore I am."
question
Byzantine Civilization Effect Upon Russia
answer
influenced through the Cyrillic alphabet, architecture (onion shaped dome), eastern orthodox religion
question
Irish Potato Famine
answer
(Great Famine) - potato disease - led to starvation, disease, emigration - many people died
question
Klaus Von Metternich
answer
led Austria at the Congress of Vienna
question
Congress of Berlin
answer
meeting of the European Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire - led by Otto Von Bismarck
question
Congress of Vienna
answer
conference of ambassadors of European states to settle issues - led by Klaus Von Metternich
question
V.I. Lenin
answer
Leader of the Bolsheviks; returns to Russia with the help of Germany, signs the treaty of Brest-Litovsk (pulls Russia out of WWI) - promises the people "peace, bread, and land." - seizes control of provisional government; becomes leader of Soviet Union and establishes war communism - then makes NEP (adds capitalism into communism)
question
Christopher Columbus
answer
made a daring voyage from Spain in 1492 - he tried to find Asia but never did
question
Magna Carta
answer
signed by King John of England - June 15, 1215 at Runnymede - limited the power of the monarch
question
Glorious Revolution
answer
Parliament withdrew support from King James II - gave English throne to his daughter Mary, and her husband William of Orange (ruler of Netherlands) - William invaded England and James fled to France - William and Mary were crowned co-rulers of England - turning point in English constitutional history because Parliament established the right to limit the English monarch's power and control succession to the throne
question
Elizabeth I
answer
protestant - became queen after the death of her half-sister Mary who was catholic - returned England to the protestant faith - kept a balance between Protestants and Catholics - ruled England during its Golden Age - (virgin queen)
question
October Manifesto
answer
issued by the Czar to stop the revolution
question
William and Mary
answer
became English monarchs following the abdication of James II - agreed to rule according to the laws of Parliament
question
Balfour Declaration
answer
issued by Britain; promised to help Jews form homeland in Palestine after WWI
question
Enlightenment
answer
European movement - emphasized individualism
question
Mercantilism
answer
the belief that a nation's wealth and power can greatly increase by following certain principals
question
Protestant Reformation
answer
led by Martin Luther - reformed beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic church
question
Renaissance
answer
rebirth of learning/culture; began in Italy due to its wealth from trade
question
Humanism
answer
stresses the importance of each individual human
question
Francesco Petrarch
answer
father of humanism
question
Galileo
answer
Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher - improved the telescope
question
Charles Darwin
answer
theory of evolution; Origin of Species
question
Nicholas II
answer
became Czar in 1894; attempted to industrialize Russia
question
Alexander Kerensky
answer
leader of the Mensheviks
question
Maximilian Robespierre
answer
led Jacobins in National Assembly; backed execution of Louis XVI
question
Louis XVI
answer
needed money; called Estates General into session
question
British Reform Movements
answer
followed ideas of Enlightenment; more democratic
question
Oliver Cromwell
answer
leader of the Puritan Revolution; executed Charles I; Made himself the "Lord Protector" of England
question
Declaration of the Rights of Man
answer
French constitution
question
Louis XIV
answer
known as the "Sun King"; example of an absolute monarch
question
James I
answer
king of Scotland; became king of England when Queen Elizabeth I died without an heir
question
Charles II
answer
monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland; son of King Charles I
question
Restoration Period
answer
restoring of the English monarch; after the death of Oliver Cromwell
question
Leonardo Da Vinci
answer
Italian artist - Mona Lisa
question
James Watt
answer
invented the steam engine
question
Michelangelo
answer
Italian sculptor; decorated the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
question
Social Darwinism
answer
ideas based on natural selection
question
Alexander II
answer
emperor of Russian empire
question
Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
answer
entrepreneurs, labor supply, markets - (British colonies), natural resources (coal/iron); transportation (water - harbors & canals); government support (taxes)
question
Benefits of Industrial Revolution
answer
raised the living standard
question
Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution
answer
overcrowding, child labor, unsafe working conditions, low pay
question
Giuseppe Mazzini
answer
Italian nationalist leader
question
Count Emilio Cavour
answer
Italian statesmen; first person to be the head of the government in unified Italy
question
Giuseppe Garibaldi
answer
Italian patriot and military leader who unified Italy
question
Victor Emanuel II
answer
first king of united Italy
question
Thomas Hobbs
answer
wrote Leviathan; said that people are basically evil and that every government is good government
question
Napoleon Bonaparte
answer
leader of the French; expanded the French empire; believes all men are equal and women are inferior; exiled to Elba but escaped; defeated for the final time in Waterloo and exiled to Helena
question
Ivan II
answer
prince of Moscow
question
Francisco Franco
answer
leader during the Spanish Civil War (Fascist revolution)
question
Nelson Mandela
answer
first South African president with democracy - anti-Apartheid activist
question
Apartheid
answer
apartness - white minority (10%) controlled black majority in Africa
question
Green Peace
answer
environmental concerns
question
Greenhouse Effect
answer
global warming
question
Existentialism
answer
Jean Paul Satre - philosophical theory stating that everyone has free will
question
Interdependence
answer
depending on each other
question
Margaret Thatcher
answer
first female to be prime minister of UK
question
Euro
answer
money system
question
European Union
answer
economic and political association of European countries with free trade
question
Berlin Airlift
answer
US dropped food, fuel, and medical supplies in Germany
question
United Nations
answer
created to help to maintain peace
question
Policy of Containment Following World War I
answer
stopped the spread of Communism
question
Yalta
answer
FDR, Churchill, and Stalin promised to permit free elections in Eastern Europe following WWII
question
Munich Conference
answer
people give into Hitler's demand to rule over all German speaking people; Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) is annexed by Germany
question
Appeasement
answer
policy that Britain and France enter into; giving into an aggressor to keep peace
question
Holocaust
answer
killing of inferior races by Nazis - 6 million Jews are killed and 13 million people are killed all together
question
Trench Warfare
answer
type of combat when both sides fight from trenches facing each other
question
Divided Germany
answer
4 zones (American, French, British, Soviet)
question
Mikhail Gorbachev
answer
least leader of Soviet Union
question
Brezhnev Doctrine
answer
Soviet Union had the right to prevent its satellites from rejecting Communism
question
Boris Yeltsin
answer
first president of Russia
question
Perestroika
answer
reconstructing - reformed Soviet Union - introduced aspects of democracy
question
Glasnost
answer
openness - end to secrecy - introduced a market economy
question
Easter Rebellion
answer
ended British rule in Ireland
question
Ned Ludd
answer
Luddites - destroyed machines because they took away jobs
question
Kellogg-Briand Pact
answer
outlawed war
question
IRA
answer
Irish Republican Army - formed when Ireland was trying to gain independence from Britain
question
Cecil Rhodes
answer
South African - believed in imperialism and colonialism; founder of Rhodesia
question
Queen Mary I (England)
answer
"Bloody Mary" - eldest daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New