Western Civilization Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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Nuremberg Trials
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former Nazis put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity
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NEP
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Lenin's New Economic Plan - introduced capitalism into communism
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U-Boat
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Underwater boat (submarine)
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Hiroshima
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first city to be destroyed by a nuclear weapon
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Eli Whitney
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invented the cotton gin
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Ninety-Five Theses
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Grievances against the church - (Martin Luther)
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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led Haiti to independence
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Cultural Diffusion
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spread of cultural ideas around the world
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Cultural Diversity
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variety of cultures; cultural differences
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Bougeoisie
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middle class
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Three Estates
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1-clergy, 2-nobility, 3-everyone else
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Estates General
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meeting of the estates
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Josef Stalin
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leader of Soviet Union - everything he did failed
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Immediate Cause of World War I
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assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
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Underlying Causes of World War I
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nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances
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Sale of Indulgences
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selling forgiveness of sins
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Thomas Malthus
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population increases more rapidly than food supply - wars and epidemics need to kill off extra people
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David Riccardo
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wages would be forced down as population increased
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September 1, 1939
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WWII begins - Germany invades Poland
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Reconquesta
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reconquest of Spain from the Muslims by Ferdinand and Isabella
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Duma
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Russian Parliament
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Ethnocentric
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belief that one's ethnic group is centrally important
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Petition of Rights
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signed by Charles I - limited the power of the English monarch
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Duke of Wellington
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defeated Napoleon for the final time at the Battle of Waterloo
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Horatio Nelson
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British admiral - defeats Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar
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Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
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motto of the french revolution
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Henry VIII
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began Protestant Reformation in England, began Anglican Church because pope would not grant him a divorce - married 6 times
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Bolsheviks
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(red) - V.I. Lenin - believed that the revolution had to be led by an elite group of people who devoted life to revolution and would lead the revolution until the proletariat was ready to take over.
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Mensheviks
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(white) - Alexander Kerensky - wanted to wait until the proletariat was ready
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Peter The Great
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Czar of Russia (Peter I)
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Isaac Newton
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English scientist and mathmatician - all physical objects are affected equally by the same forces - law of universal gravitation
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Johan Gutenberg
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invented the printing press (movable type)
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Karl Marx
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German journalist - Marxism - radical type of socialism
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Mohandas Gandhi
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non-violence - civil disobedience - boycotts - fasts - led marches (salt march) - gained worldwide sympathy - killed in 1948 by Hindus who believed he was a traitor
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Benito Mussolini
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fascist leader of Italy
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Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points
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wanted "peace without victory" - (self-determination, fair peace, disarmament, fair treatment of colonial people, no secret alliances, league of nations)
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NATO
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defensive alliance against communism - Western European nations, U.S. and Canada
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Warsaw Pact
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defensive alliance of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European bloc nations
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Paul Von Hindenberg
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president of the Weimar Republic - appoints Hitler chancellor
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Nikita Khrushchev
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becomes leader of USSR - believes in destalinization - in 1956 viewed as a weak leader
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Cold War
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war of ideology
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Reparations
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money paid for doing something wrong
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Adam Smith
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(believed in laissez faire) - free markets - government should not interfere
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Nicholas Copernicus
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polish mathematician and astronomer - discovered that Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
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Heliocentric
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believed that the Earth revolved around the sun
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Geocentric
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believed that the sun revolved around the Earth
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Black Death (Bubonic Plague)
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spread by fleas carried by rats - killed between 1/4 - 1/3 of the population of Europe
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Columbian Exchange
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the exchange of goods and animals between the Americas and Europe
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Treaty of Versailles
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ends WWI on November 11, 1918; Germany was demilitarized, territorial changes/new countries, reparations (Germany had to pay 30 billion dollars), league of nations
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Adolf Hitler
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leader of Nazis - starts Holocaust - wants master race (Aryan) - creates 3rd Reich
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White Man's Burden
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white people influence Africans and introduce them to western culture
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Otto Von Bismarck
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German-Prussian - First Chancellor of the German Empire
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Rene Descartes
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invented analytical geometry - said, "I think, therefore I am."
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Byzantine Civilization Effect Upon Russia
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influenced through the Cyrillic alphabet, architecture (onion shaped dome), eastern orthodox religion
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Irish Potato Famine
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(Great Famine) - potato disease - led to starvation, disease, emigration - many people died
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Klaus Von Metternich
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led Austria at the Congress of Vienna
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Congress of Berlin
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meeting of the European Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire - led by Otto Von Bismarck
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Congress of Vienna
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conference of ambassadors of European states to settle issues - led by Klaus Von Metternich
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V.I. Lenin
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Leader of the Bolsheviks; returns to Russia with the help of Germany, signs the treaty of Brest-Litovsk (pulls Russia out of WWI) - promises the people "peace, bread, and land." - seizes control of provisional government; becomes leader of Soviet Union and establishes war communism - then makes NEP (adds capitalism into communism)
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Christopher Columbus
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made a daring voyage from Spain in 1492 - he tried to find Asia but never did
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Magna Carta
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signed by King John of England - June 15, 1215 at Runnymede - limited the power of the monarch
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Glorious Revolution
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Parliament withdrew support from King James II - gave English throne to his daughter Mary, and her husband William of Orange (ruler of Netherlands) - William invaded England and James fled to France - William and Mary were crowned co-rulers of England - turning point in English constitutional history because Parliament established the right to limit the English monarch's power and control succession to the throne
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Elizabeth I
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protestant - became queen after the death of her half-sister Mary who was catholic - returned England to the protestant faith - kept a balance between Protestants and Catholics - ruled England during its Golden Age - (virgin queen)
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October Manifesto
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issued by the Czar to stop the revolution
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William and Mary
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became English monarchs following the abdication of James II - agreed to rule according to the laws of Parliament
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Balfour Declaration
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issued by Britain; promised to help Jews form homeland in Palestine after WWI
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Enlightenment
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European movement - emphasized individualism
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Mercantilism
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the belief that a nation's wealth and power can greatly increase by following certain principals
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Protestant Reformation
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led by Martin Luther - reformed beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic church
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Renaissance
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rebirth of learning/culture; began in Italy due to its wealth from trade
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Humanism
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stresses the importance of each individual human
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Francesco Petrarch
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father of humanism
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Galileo
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Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher - improved the telescope
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Charles Darwin
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theory of evolution; Origin of Species
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Nicholas II
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became Czar in 1894; attempted to industrialize Russia
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Alexander Kerensky
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leader of the Mensheviks
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Maximilian Robespierre
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led Jacobins in National Assembly; backed execution of Louis XVI
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Louis XVI
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needed money; called Estates General into session
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British Reform Movements
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followed ideas of Enlightenment; more democratic
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Oliver Cromwell
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leader of the Puritan Revolution; executed Charles I; Made himself the "Lord Protector" of England
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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French constitution
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Louis XIV
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known as the "Sun King"; example of an absolute monarch
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James I
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king of Scotland; became king of England when Queen Elizabeth I died without an heir
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Charles II
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monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland; son of King Charles I
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Restoration Period
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restoring of the English monarch; after the death of Oliver Cromwell
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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Italian artist - Mona Lisa
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James Watt
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invented the steam engine
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Michelangelo
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Italian sculptor; decorated the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
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Social Darwinism
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ideas based on natural selection
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Alexander II
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emperor of Russian empire
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Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
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entrepreneurs, labor supply, markets - (British colonies), natural resources (coal/iron); transportation (water - harbors & canals); government support (taxes)
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Benefits of Industrial Revolution
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raised the living standard
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Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution
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overcrowding, child labor, unsafe working conditions, low pay
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Giuseppe Mazzini
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Italian nationalist leader
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Count Emilio Cavour
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Italian statesmen; first person to be the head of the government in unified Italy
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Italian patriot and military leader who unified Italy
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Victor Emanuel II
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first king of united Italy
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Thomas Hobbs
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wrote Leviathan; said that people are basically evil and that every government is good government
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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leader of the French; expanded the French empire; believes all men are equal and women are inferior; exiled to Elba but escaped; defeated for the final time in Waterloo and exiled to Helena
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Ivan II
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prince of Moscow
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Francisco Franco
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leader during the Spanish Civil War (Fascist revolution)
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Nelson Mandela
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first South African president with democracy - anti-Apartheid activist
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Apartheid
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apartness - white minority (10%) controlled black majority in Africa
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Green Peace
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environmental concerns
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Greenhouse Effect
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global warming
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Existentialism
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Jean Paul Satre - philosophical theory stating that everyone has free will
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Interdependence
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depending on each other
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Margaret Thatcher
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first female to be prime minister of UK
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Euro
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money system
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European Union
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economic and political association of European countries with free trade
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Berlin Airlift
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US dropped food, fuel, and medical supplies in Germany
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United Nations
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created to help to maintain peace
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Policy of Containment Following World War I
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stopped the spread of Communism
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Yalta
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FDR, Churchill, and Stalin promised to permit free elections in Eastern Europe following WWII
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Munich Conference
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people give into Hitler's demand to rule over all German speaking people; Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) is annexed by Germany
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Appeasement
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policy that Britain and France enter into; giving into an aggressor to keep peace
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Holocaust
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killing of inferior races by Nazis - 6 million Jews are killed and 13 million people are killed all together
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Trench Warfare
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type of combat when both sides fight from trenches facing each other
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Divided Germany
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4 zones (American, French, British, Soviet)
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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least leader of Soviet Union
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Brezhnev Doctrine
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Soviet Union had the right to prevent its satellites from rejecting Communism
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Boris Yeltsin
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first president of Russia
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Perestroika
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reconstructing - reformed Soviet Union - introduced aspects of democracy
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Glasnost
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openness - end to secrecy - introduced a market economy
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Easter Rebellion
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ended British rule in Ireland
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Ned Ludd
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Luddites - destroyed machines because they took away jobs
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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outlawed war
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IRA
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Irish Republican Army - formed when Ireland was trying to gain independence from Britain
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Cecil Rhodes
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South African - believed in imperialism and colonialism; founder of Rhodesia
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Queen Mary I (England)
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"Bloody Mary" - eldest daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
