question

According to the biblical account, Solomon's most revered contribution to the Hebrew society was to

answer

construct the Temple, the symbolic center of the Hebrew religion and society.

question

What historians refer to as an agricultural revolution

answer

included the growing of crops and the taming of food-producing animals

question

The Assyrians' use of terror tactics and atrocities

answer

especially targeted inhabitants of the empire who rebelled against Assyrian rule.

question

Moses united the Israelites after their enslavement in

answer

Egypt.

question

After the death of Solomon, tensions between the northern and southern tribes led to the establishment of two kingdoms, the kingdom of ____ and the kingdom of ____.

answer

Israel and Judah

question

The vast majority of the population in Sumerian city-states worked as

answer

farmers.

question

In comparison to Mesopotamian society, Egyptian society was

answer

more rural.

question

The cave in southern France, discovered in 1994 and that contains three hundred paintings of animals, is known as the ____ cave.

answer

Chauvet.

question

The Egyptian pyramids were

answer

conceived and built as tombs for a city of the dead.

question

In Zoroastrianism, the evil spirit was known as

answer

Ahriman.

question

The focal points and sources of life for the ancient Egyptians were the

answer

Nile River and the pharaohs

question

In ancient civilizations, bronze would replace copper because

answer

bronze was harder and more durable

question

The early Neolithic era saw

answer

a slow transition from hunting and gathering to an agricultural society.

question

Unlike the rivers in Mesopotamia, the Nile River

answer

floods predictably at the same time every year.

question

The principal economic basis of Assyrian society was

answer

Susa

question

The central, sacred text of Zoroastrianism is the

answer

Zend Avesta

question

The term "civilization" refers to human societies which, amongst other features

answer

have an urban focus and a distinct religious structure

question

Mesopotamia means the land "between the ____"

answer

rivers.

question

Which of the following statements best applies to the status of women in Mesopotamian society?

answer

Woman had political but no religious rights

question

The elite infantry of the Persian army were known as the?

answer

Immortals

question

According to the tradition of the Hebrews, they were descendants of the patriarch ____ who had migrated from Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan.

answer

Abraham

question

Hebrew religion

answer

was an ethical religion that centered around the law of God.

question

Which of the following Egyptian gods was most closely associated with the mummification of the dead?

answer

Osiris

question

The Persian King Cyrus the Great was succeeded by his son

answer

Cambyses II.

question

Gilgamesh was

answer

the hero of a Sumerian epic poem

question

Greek comedy was

answer

used to express political views as evidenced by Aristophanes

question

Early Greek philosophy attempted to

answer

explain the universe on the basis of unifying principles

question

The Peloponnesian War resulted in

answer

the defeat of Athens and the collapse of its empire

question

The term wanax refers to Mycenaean

answer

Kings.

question

The Spartans made the army the center of their society because

answer

they feared an uprising by their helots

question

What were the chief characteristics of the Greek Dark Age?

answer

It was a period of migrations and declining food production

question

Which of the following phrases best describes the social situation of most Greek women?

answer

Women were kept under strict control, cut off from formal education, and were always assigned a male guardian.

question

The development of the polis had a negative impact on Greek society by

answer

dividing Greece into fiercely competitive states

question

Which Greek philosopher said, with regard to the polis, "We must rather regard every citizen as belonging to the state"?

answer

Aristotle.

question

The neighbors of the Spartans who were free inhabitants and required to pay taxes and perform military service but who were not citizens of Sparta were

answer

helots

question

The Greek Parthenon

answer

is considered the greatest example of classical Greek temple architecture.

question

The immediate cause of the Persian Wars was

answer

revolt of the Ionian Greek colonies in Asia Minor

question

For the Greeks, the term arete described the

answer

the striving for excellence

question

The polis was the Greek name for

answer

city-state

question

Cleisthenes' reforms established the Athenian government as

answer

a democracy.

question

The board of ten officials known as strategoi in Athens consisted of

answer

generals

question

The Sophists

answer

were professional teachers who seemingly questioned the traditional values of their societies

question

Which of the following did Aristotle favor as the best government for most people in his Politics?

answer

constitutional.

question

The Lycurgan reforms resulted in

answer

the establishment of a permanent military state in Sparta.

question

Shortly after taking the throne, Alexander dealt swiftly and harshly with a Greek rebellion by sacking the city of

answer

Thebes.

question

Among the most ill-treated of Hellenistic slaves were those

answer

who worked in Egyptian gold mines

question

The mystery cults and religions of the Hellenistic world

answer

helped pave the way for the success of Christianity

question

The best example of Hellenistic 'New Comedy' was the Athenian playwright

answer

Menander.

question

The Greek general who took Egypt after Alexander's death and converted it into the longest-lasting Hellenistic kingdom was

answer

Ptolemy

question

The Greek god of healing, thought responsible for miraculous cures in the Hellenistic period, was

answer

Asclepius

question

What was the primary difference between the philosophy of the Greek classical period and philosophy during the Hellenistic period?

answer

Hellenistic philosophy dealt more with human happiness disassociated from the life of the polis.

question

Isocrates

answer

hoped that Philip would unite the Greek world in a campaign against Persia

question

The widespread popularity of Stoicism and Epicureanism

answer

suggested a new openness to thoughts of universality in the cosmopolitan Hellenistic states.

question

Alexander the Great's troops rebelled when he made the decision to invade and capture

answer

India.

question

Which of the following statements best describes Hellenistic cities?

answer

They served as important centers of administration, most of which were dominated by Greeks and Greek culture.

question

The Alexandrian scholar Euclid's most famous achievement was

answer

systematizing the study of geometry.

question

Which of the following Hellenistic kingdoms was the largest and controlled much of the old Persian Empire?

answer

Seleucid.

question

Improvements in trade and commerce in the Hellenistic world were greatly aided by all of the following except

answer

revolutionary innovations in agriculture

question

Which class of women achieved the most notable gains during the Hellenistic period?

answer

upper class

question

The Antigonid kingdom was located in

answer

Macedonia.

question

Which of the following was Alexander's last battle against the Persian king Darius?

answer

Guagamela

question

The greatest trade product in the Hellenistic world was

answer

grain.

question

Which of the following is true of Jewish settlements in the Hellenistic period?

answer

Jews were numerous in cities in Egypt, Asia Minor, and Syria.

question

Hellenistic sculpture

answer

was more emotional and realistic than classical Greek sculpture.

question

Who was credited with having been the first to separate medicine from philosophy?

answer

Hippocrates.

question

At the Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.E.), Philip II

answer

defeated the Greek poleis, ending their independence.

question

Philip II planned to defeat the Greek cities by

answer

breaking up their hoplite formations with cavalry

question

The famous Indian ruler who sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers was

answer

Asoka.

question

Who wrote the treatise, "On Chastity"?

answer

Phintys.

question

The Hellenistic states in the centuries after Alexander the Great

answer

became despotic monarchies.

question

The scientific foundations of medicine made by Alexandrian physicians

answer

were made possible through the use of dissection and vivisection.

question

Scholarship on the legacy of Alexander the Great has suggested he sought

answer

to emulate the Homeric warrior-hero Achilles

question

The immediate cause of the First Punic War was

answer

Rome sending an army to Sicily.

question

As Rome expanded, it became Roman policy to govern the provinces with officials known as

answer

proconsuls and propraetors.

question

In Rome, the male family head could

answer

ALL OF THESE: sell his children. put his children to death. arrange the marriages of all offspring. divorce his wife

question

Among the dangerous military innovations of Marius threatening the Republic was his

answer

Recruitment of destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him

question

After imposed retirement from Roman politics, Cicero took up writing

answer

philosophical treatises

question

By crossing the Rubicon, Caesar showed that he

answer

was willing to disobey the direct orders of the Senate

question

The Roman Senate

answer

could only advise the magistrates in legal matters.

question

Optimates in the late Roman Republic wanted to maintain the privileges of the

answer

nobiles.

question

By the later Republic, Roman slaves

answer

often worked on the Roman latifundia.

question

The paterfamilias in Roman society was

answer

the male head of the family

question

Rome set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes after forming the Roman Confederation by

answer

offering its most favored allies full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion

question

What was the significance of Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War?

answer

He expelled the Carthaginians from Spain and later won the decisive Battle of Zama.

question

Imperium was

answer

the power to command Roman citizens

question

The Roman Dictator

answer

was a temporary executive during the period of the Republic. and exercised unlimited power for a period of usually six months.

question

The First Triumvirate was a political alliance between Crassus, Julius Caesar, and

answer

Pompey

question

For the Romans, Italy's geography

answer

made Rome a natural crossroads and an area easy to defend

question

The Struggle of the Orders

answer

was a peaceful struggle which resulted in political compromise.

question

The equites

answer

were a wealthy and ambitious class of Romans who appeared in the late Republic.

question

The Second Punic War saw Carthage

answer

carry a land war to Rome by crossing the Alps.

question

Under the rule of Augustus, the Roman Empire

answer

turned towards an absolute monarchy, with the princeps overshadowing the Senate.

question

The Aeneid is a poem about

answer

the founding of Rome.

question

Roman provincial and frontier policy under Augustus was characterized by all of the following except

answer

limitless expansion in central Europe

question

The word "gospels" means

answer

the good news.

question

The event that curtailed Augustus's expansionist policies was

answer

the defeat by Varus in the Teutoburg Forest.

question

The first of the Flavian emperors was

answer

Vespasian.

question

Which of the following trends developed during the reigns of the Julio-Claudian emperors?

answer

Emperors took more and more actual ruling power away from the old Senate.

question

Marcus Aurelius' cruel son, who was strangled by his wrestling partner in 192 C.E. was

answer

Commodus

question

The largest area of Roman innovation in architecture was

answer

the use of concrete on a massive scale

question

Hadrian built a defensive wall in which Roman territory?

answer

Britain.

question

The greatest historian of the "silver age" of Latin literature was

answer

Tacitus.

question

The mystery cult of Mithraism in the Early Empire

answer

was a religion especially favored by soldiers.

question

Which one of the following mystery cults had a great following, especially among the urban poor

answer

Isis.

question

The last great persecution of Christians was ordered by

answer

Diocletian.

question

Which of the following statements was true of Augustan society?

answer

Legislation was passed concerning the corruption of morals

question

The early values of Christianity, as exemplified in Jesus' "sermon on the mount,"

answer

emphasized devotion to the values of humility, charity, and true brotherly love

question

The absolute monarchical powers of Augustus as princeps led to

answer

All of the BELOW: his great popularity, as he followed proper legal forms for his power. the decline of popular participation in elections. the usual victory of his candidates in official elections. led to the perception that he co-ruled with the senate

question

The late third century emperor who reconquered and reestablished order in the east and along the Danube and who was known as the "restorer of the world" was

answer

Aurelian.

question

The successors to Muhammad's leadership of the Muslims were known as

answer

caliphs.

question

Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the

answer

Hegira.

question

The cardinal principle of the Islamic faith is that there is no God but Allah and his Prophet is

answer

Muhammad

question

The primary instrument of Pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of Europe was

answer

monasticism

question

Muslim societies abide by a strict code of law, much of it derived from the holy book Qur'an, and regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called

answer

the Shari'a

question

The Council of Nicaea in 325

answer

defined Christ as being "of the same substance" as God.

question

The basic rule for western monastic living was developed by

answer

Benedict

question

The famous Hagia Sophia is recognizable by

answer

a large dome, symbolizing the sphere of heaven.

question

The Edict of Milan

answer

was Constantine's document officially tolerating the existence of Christianity.

question

Frankish marriage customs

answer

placed strong sanctions on adulterous women

question

The eighth-century controversy that set the Latin and Greek Orthodox Christians apart was over

answer

iconoclasm, or the destruction of icons

question

After the death of Theodoric, the Ostrogothic kingdom

answer

was defeated by the Byzantines, reducing Rome as a center of Mediterranean culture.

question

Augustine's Confessions was written as

answer

an account of his own miraculous personal conversion

question

Constantine's most enduring reform came in the creation of

answer

the "New Rome."

question

The Petrine Doctrine

answer

was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church

question

The best example of Hiberno-Saxon art is

answer

the Book of Kells.

question

The seventh-century nun who founded the monastery of Whitby was

answer

Saint Hilda

question

In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes were pushed into the Balkans region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of pressure from the

answer

Huns.

question

Muhammad was born in

answer

Mecca

question

The founder of the Frankish kingdom and the first royal Frankish defender of the Catholic faith was

answer

Clovis

question

The Slavs

answer

were originally a single people in central Europe.

question

The economic structure of the Early Middle Ages

answer

was underdeveloped and predominantly agricultural

question

The Swedish Vikings tended to concentrate on conquests and trade in

answer

Russia

question

By the early eleventh century, the Byzantine Empire

answer

had achieved a new brilliance of power and influence under the Macedonians

question

The Treaty of Verdun in 843

answer

divided the Carolingian empire

question

The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine Empire was

answer

Vladimir.

question

The Abbasids

answer

broke down the distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims

question

In feudal Europe, a vassal was a man who

answer

served another as a warrior

question

Under feudalism of the Early Middle Ages

answer

the major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service.

question

One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was

answer

Erik the Red

question

Charlemagne's most disappointing military campaign came against the

answer

Basques

question

Socially and culturally, the church's advocacy of indissoluble marriage resulted in

answer

the development of the nuclear family at the expense of the extended family.

question

Initially, the greatest effect of the church on Frankish marriage

answer

was to limit sexual license and concubinage

question

Carolingian society was marked by all of the following except

answer

a total disinterest in bodily cleanliness

question

The capital of the Abbasid caliphate during the high point of Islamic culture was the city of

answer

Baghdad

question

The coronation of Charlemagne in 800 as emperor of the Romans

answer

symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures

question

In 987, the Western Frankish nobility met and elected which of the following as their king, contributing to the formation of a new dynasty to rule France for centuries?

answer

Hugh Capet

question

The most successful Muslim raids in the ninth century occurred in

answer

Sicily.

question

The English king who helped establish a unified Anglo-Saxon monarchy by defeating the Danish army was

answer

Alfred the Great

question

In feudal Europe, a serf was a man who

answer

was bound to the land as a farmer.

question

The Swedish Vikings⎯the Varangians⎯became assimilated with which of the following groups?

answer

Slavs

question

The expansion of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne

answer

was most successful against the German tribes to the east

question

Manorialism

answer

was an economic system based upon landed estates

question

Which of the following is not an accurate characteristic of Islamic civilization in the eighth and ninth centuries?

answer

Men and women were equally dominant in Muslim society

question

The German monarchy was restored in 919 when the German dukes elected Henry the Fowler, Duke of

answer

Saxony.

question

The word "vernacular" means

answer

local language

question

The basic staple of the peasant diet was

answer

bread.

question

Much of the surplus resources of medieval urban society went into

answer

the construction of castles and churches reflecting its basic preoccupations, warfare and God.

question

Which of the following was not used as a source of power by medieval farmers?

answer

coal

question

The center of the North Sea/Baltic trade route in northern Europe in the 1100s and 1200s, and an important center of woolen cloth production, was

answer

Flanders.

question

Which of the following brought peasants into contact with the village church?

answer

religious feasts, holidays, mass, and baptism. all of the above.

question

The area that assumed a leading role in the revival of trade in the Middle Ages was

answer

Italy

question

The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was perfected in

answer

France.

question

The writer from Classical antiquity who came to be viewed as the "master of those who know" was

answer

Aristotle.

question

The main part of the medieval castle was called the

answer

keep.

question

Merchant cities in northern Europe, frequently ending in "-burg" or "-borough", grew up in the 1100s around

answer

the castles of noblemen

question

Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages

answer

were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth

question

Medieval university instruction

answer

used the lecture method

question

Combative tournaments involving knights

answer

were considered by knights to be excellent and necessary training for warfare

question

In northern European countries, the most common drink of the medieval peasant was

answer

ale

question

By the twelfth century, divorce among nobles was

answer

not possible except through official recognition that a marriage had never been valid

question

The high number of fights and accidents described in medieval court records may plausibly be attributed to

answer

the high consumption of alcohol

question

The Capetian king who wrested control of several French territories from the King John of England was

answer

Philip II

question

William the Conqueror took over England in 1066 after the Battle of

answer

Hastings.

question

Henry, Duke of Anjou, vastly increased his fortune in 1152 when he married the wealthy heiress

answer

Eleanor of Aquitaine

question

Pope Gregory VII

answer

claimed that popes had the right to depose kings and emperors

question

Which of the following territories did Khubilai Khan complete the Mongol conquest of?

answer

China.

question

The Cistercians, a new reform-minded monastic order

answer

broke with the Benedictine tradition because they were dissatisfied with its lack of strict discipline

question

Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that

answer

he required all subvassals to swear allegiance to him.

question

The Islamic world in the mid-eleventh century was largely unified and dominated by the

answer

Seljuks

question

Under William of Normandy and his son Henry I, medieval England

answer

developed a strong, centralized monarchy

question

The power of the Capetian monarchy was strengthened by the emergence of

answer

all of the above.

question

After capturing the city of Jerusalem in 1099, the Christian soldiers of the First Crusade

answer

a and b

question

The church during the twelfth century possessed a hierarchical structure with the pope and which group at the apex?

answer

the papal curia.

question

Followers of the Cathar (Albigensian) heresy believed that

answer

the spirit is pure but the body is corrupt and evil.

question

In 1071, at Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks defeated the

answer

Byzantines

question

The papacy reached its zenith of power in the thirteenth century during the papacy of

answer

Innocent III.

question

Parliament in England originally arose from the

answer

king's need to collect new taxes

question

Frederick Barbarossa was defeated at Legnano in 1176, ending his attempts to control

answer

the towns in northern Italy

question

The action of the medieval church that closed churches in a region or a country and that forbade the clergy from administering the sacraments to the populace was

answer

the interdict

question

Saint Francis of Assisi stressed that

answer

his followers must accept strict vows of poverty and live by working and beg for food.

question

During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Holy Roman Emperors

answer

attempted to exploit the resources of Italy

question

The investiture controversy was resolved in 1122 by a compromise agreement known as the Concordat of

answer

Worms.

question

Which of the following territories did Khubilai Khan complete the Mongol conquest of?

answer

China

question

Scandinavia by the twelfth century

answer

had accepted Christianity through the agency of local kings who wished to better organize and govern their states

question

Russia's religious development led to a close affinity between Russian civilization and

answer

Byzantine civilization

question

The Fourth Crusade was diverted from Jerusalem and ended up sacking

answer

Constantinople.

question

Postplague socioeconomic relations between rich and poor in Europe

answer

got much worse as the positions of landlords deteriorated, and they sought to limit the gains of the peasants.

question

France's "first woman of letters" was

answer

Christine de Pizan

question

The conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV of France began when Philip

answer

taxed churchmen without the Church's permission

question

A key economic consequence of the plague was

answer

decline in manorialism and weakening of feudalism as noble landlords desperate for cash converted peasant labor service to market rents freeing their serfs.

question

The French government and aristocracy responded to the Jacquerie by

answer

massacring the participants

question

The most revolutionary of thirteenth and fourteenth-century inventions was/were

answer

clocks

question

In fourteenth-century Venice, the real executive power of the state came to be held by the

answer

Council of Ten.

question

From 1305 to 1377, the Papacy resided across the French border in the town of

answer

Avignon.

question

The Italian condottieri were

answer

leaders of mercenary bands, occasionally ruling as military dictators.

question

The Great Schism

answer

badly damaged the faith of many Christian believers

question

Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the fourteenth century because

answer

both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state.

question

The fifteenth century theologian who claimed that reason could not prove spiritual truth was

answer

William of Occam

question

Mysticism in the fourteenth century

answer

emphasized an intensely personal feeling of oneness with God.

question

Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

answer

portrayed characters from a variety of status levels, both high- and low-born

question

The crucial battle of the Hundred Years' War that was won by Henry V in 1415 and that led to the treaty and apparent victory in the war for Henry and England was the Battle of

answer

Agincourt

question

During the reign of Edward III of England, the Great Council of the barons

answer

became the House of Lords forming a hereditary body of peers in Parliament

question

During the Black Death

answer

Jews were accused of causing the plague by poisoning town wells.

question

What was the main cause of the early fourteenth century famines?

answer

a little ice age inducing bad weather with heavy rains

question

The Wars of the Roses refers to a civil conflict in

answer

England

question

The monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella

answer

reorganized the military forces of Spain; expelled all professed Jews from Spain; conquered the last Muslim kingdom of Granada; and filled their royal council with middle-class lawyers instead of aristocrats.

question

Propertyless workers and the unemployed constituted what percentage of the population living in cities?

answer

30 to 40 percent

question

The wealth of the northern Italian cities that funded the Renaissance was gained mostly from

answer

trade.

question

The Renaissance figure in the following list who was not a leading painter was

answer

Petrarch

question

Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was

answer

Isabella d'Este.

question

Marriages in Renaissance Italy

answer

were an economic necessity of life involving complicated family negotiations

question

The Book of the Courtier was a

answer

popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats

question

The Italian Renaissance was primarily

answer

a recovery of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture.

question

The family of merchants and bankers who dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance was the

answer

Medici.

question

The painter of the Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling was

answer

Michelangelo

question

The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was

answer

overwhelmingly made up of peasants

question

Western Europe in the Renaissance saw

answer

a decline in serfdom

question

According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented

answer

a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.

question

Johannes Gutenberg was a key developer of

answer

movable type printing press

question

Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?

answer

Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances

question

Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David?

answer

Donatello and Michelangelo.

question

The first Italian humanist to gain a thorough knowledge of Greek was

answer

Leonardo Bruni.

question

Which ancient writer was considered by civic humanists as their model?

answer

Cicero

question

Renaissance humanists in Italy

answer

had occupations in schools and universities or as secretaries in city-states or at the courts of princes or popes.

question

In the eastern part of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from

answer

the Ottoman empire

question

At its outset, the Reformation in Germany was

answer

largely an urban phenomenon

question

Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement?

answer

predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God.

question

Though Luther was condemned at the Diet of Worms, he survived because he was protected by

answer

the Elector of Saxony

question

England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the

answer

Act of Supremacy

question

In France, the Protestant minority was known as

answer

Huguenots

question

The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by

answer

expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through the gymnasium.

question

"Bloody Mary" Tudor earned her nickname by executing more than 300

answer

Protestants

question

The Anabaptists

answer

advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism

question

Millenarianism is the belief that

answer

the end of the world is imminent.

question

The author of Utopia, a satire on European government and society, was

answer

Thomas More.

question

Concerning the sacraments of the Catholic Church, Luther

answer

rejected all of them except baptism and communion, or the Lord's Supper

question

Which of the following was not a central belief of Lutheranism?

answer

The sale of indulgences is a proper revenue source for a church

question

Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by

answer

England

question

The Swiss religious reformer who established the Protestant Reformation in Zürich was

answer

Ulrich Zwingli.

question

The Peasants' War of 1524-1525

answer

was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.

question

Calvin's success in which city enabled it to become the vibrant center of Protestantism?

answer

Geneva.

question

The Council of Trent

answer

reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation

question

Calvin believed that salvation might be indicated by

answer

a decent and godly life

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