West Civ chapters 11, 12, 13 – Flashcards
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Linguistically and ethnically, the Mongols were most closely related to the
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Turks.
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The leader who united the Mongol tribes and began the conquest of China was named Temujin
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who took the title Chingiz Khan.
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In the late 12th century, the Mongols quickly built up a large military force by
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incorporating the armies of defeated tribes.
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The expression "Mongol horde" actually comes from the Turkish word ordu, meaning
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"tent" or "encampment"
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The Mongol leader Ogedei
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completed the conquest of China, instigated the conquest of Europe, ended the conquest of Europe by his death, and was Chingiz'z Khans son.
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For Europeans, the most important consequences of the Mongol conquests were
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the commercial links it established between Europe and the Far East along the Silk Road
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When the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453, the primary effects of their conquest on Europe were
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psychological
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The Mongol defeat of the Seljuk sultanate was a contributing factor
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in the ability of the Ottomans to begin raiding against the Byzantine Empire.
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The Ottoman army that conquered much of the middle and Near East were composed mostly of
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slaves
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The majority of the Ottoman slaves were Christian because
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Muslims were not permitted to enslave other Muslims.
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The Renaissance originated in Italy because during the later Middle Ages,
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Italy was the wealthiest urban society in Europe
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The early humanist Petrarch criticized late-medieval scholasticism because
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he felt concentrated more on abstract speculation rather than virtuous living.
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Humanists such as Alberti
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praised the nuclear family and argued that women should be consigned purely to domestic roles.
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The great influx of Greek manuscripts from the Muslim world in the 15th century led to
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the development of a new interest in a form of literary analysis known as textual criticism.
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The Renaissance humanist Lorenzo Valla proved that the Donation of Constantine was
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a medieval forgery
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Niccolo Machiavelli was
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the eras greatest philosophical pragmatist.
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In contrast to civic humanists, Castigliones Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility
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an idea of effortlessness and elegance at court
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In the 15th century, the majority of the great painters were from
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Florence
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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born in Florence, ended his career in France, King Francis 1st was his patron.
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Leonardo Da Vinci's basic approach to painting was
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to imitate nature as closely as possible.
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In the year 1500:
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the social and economic prospects of Europe were rising, spurred by commercial expansion and a new religious enthusiasm among the laity.
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Martin Luthers family background
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German peasantry. His father leased mines.
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Martin Luthor first entered
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the University of Erfut to study law.
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Martin Luther joined
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the Augustinian monastic order
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As a young monk, Martin Luther was fearful
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that he could not do enough good deeds to deserve salvation.
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Luthers doctrine "justification by faith" meant that
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humans are saved by their faith in Gods grace, not by the good works they do.
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Following his own advise to other priests and monks;
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Martin Luther married former nun Katharina von Bora.
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Although Luthers disputes with the Church generally dealt with matters of doctrine, he also had disputes with
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the papacy itself over the lifestyle of the popes themselves.
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Under Calvins guidance, Genevas government could be best described as
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a theocracy.
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During the 16th century, protestant and Catholic countries
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marriage practices were changed so as to encourage more parental control over the children's choice of marriage partners.
