Week 9 Chap 13 (1) – Flashcards
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Information processing approach
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Focus "on children as active thinkers about their social world" (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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gender schema theory
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" An information-processing view, ________, combines elements of both theories to explain how children acquire gender-typed knowledge." (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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Gender stereotypes
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" are widely held beliefs about characteristics deemed appropri- ate for males and females." (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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Gender roles
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a"re the reflection of these stereotypes in everyday behavior." (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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Gender identity
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" is the private face of gender—perception of the self as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics. " (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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Gender typing
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" refers broadly to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with biological sex in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes of gender" (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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GENDER TYPING__________ covers gender role, gender stereotypes and gender identity
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"refers broadly to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with biological sex in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes of gender and, therefore, encompasses all the gender-linked responses just mentioned" (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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1960's
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"research- ers began asking people what personality characteristics they con- sider typical of men and women. Widespread agreement emerged in many studies" (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use. When?
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Instrumental traits
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"reflecting competence, rationality, and assertiveness, were regarded as masculine;" (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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Expressive traits
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" emphasizing warmth, caring, and sensitivity, were viewed as feminine." (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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unchanged
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"Despite intense political activism promoting gender equality in the 1970s and 1980s, these stereotypes remain essentially" (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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world
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"Furthermore, cross-cultural research conducted in 30 nations reveals that the instrumental-expressive dichotomy is a widely held stereotype around the " (Berk 530) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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numerous and diverse
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"The traits, activities, and roles associated with the male gender are more _______, and desirable than those associated with the female gender. " (Berk 531) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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femenine associations
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"Before age 2, children have begun to acquire subtle associations with gender that most of us hold—men as rough and sharp, women as soft and round. In one study, 18-month-olds linked such items as fir trees and hammers with males, although they had not yet learned comparable" (Berk 531) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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no
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"During early childhood, gender-stereotyped beliefs strengthen—so much so that many children apply them as blanket rules rather than flexible guidelines. When children were asked whether gender stereotypes could be violated, half or more of 3- and 4-year-olds answered" (Berk 531) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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sewing machines and dolls
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"Striking evidence that young children view their world in strongly gender-stereotyped terms also comes from studies in which researchers labeled a target child as a boy or a girl and then provided either gender-typical or gender-atypical information about the target's characteristics. Then they asked children to rate the target on additional gender-stereotypic attributes. Preschoolers usually relied only on the gender label in making judgments, ignor- ing the specific information (Biernat, 1991; Martin, 1989). For example, when told "Tommy is a boy. Tommy's best friend is a girl, and Tommy likes to play house," children under age 6 nevertheless said that Tommy would much rather play with cars and train engines than with" (Berk 531) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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middle childhood
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". Recall from Chap- ter 11 that not until ______ are children good at sizing up people's dispositions. This same finding carries over to awareness of gender stereotypes." (Berk 532) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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11
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"Research in many countries reveals that stereotyping of personality traits increases steadily in middle childhood, becoming adultlike around age" (Berk 532) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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in group favouritism
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"A large Canadian study examined the pattern of children's trait learning and found that the stereotypes acquired first reflected" (Berk 532) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use. FIRST REFLECTED IS
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positive and negative qualities
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" Once trait stereotyping is well under way, children characterize the in-group and the out-group as having both " (Berk 532) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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girls
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__ " express greater in-group favoritism and out-group negativity than boys " (Berk 532) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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gender stereotype fleixibility
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"Or overlap in the characteristics of males and females" (Berk 533) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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socially influenced
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"s they develop the capac- ity to integrate conflicting social cues, children realize that a person's sex is not a certain predictor of his or her personality traits, activities, and behavior. Similarly, by the end of the school years, most children no longer view gender-typed behav- ior (especially that of girls) as inborn and fixed. Rather, they see it as " (Berk 533) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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boys
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"But acknowledging that boys and girls can cross gender lines does not mean that children always approve of doing so. In one longitudinal study, between ages 7 and 13, children of both genders became more open-minded about girls being offered the same opportunities as" (Berk 533) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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transgressions
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"Furthermore, many school-age children take a harsh view of certain viola- tions, such as boys playing with dolls and wearing girls' clothing and girls acting noisily or roughly. They are especially intolerant when boys engage in these "cross-gender" acts, which children regard as nearly as bad as moral " (Berk 533) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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idiosyncratic way
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"This suggests that gender typing is like "an intricate puzzle that the child pieces together in a rather" (Berk 533) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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VARY
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"To build a coherent notion of gender, children must assemble many elements. The precise pattern in which they acquire the pieces, the rate at which they do so, and the flexibility of their beliefs" (Berk 533) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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girls throughout childhood and adolescence
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"Group differences in gender stereotyping also exist. The strongest of these is sex-related: Boys tend to hold more gender-stereotyped views than " (Berk 534) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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boys
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WHO HOLDS MORE GENDER STEREOTYPES?
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girls
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WHO DOES MORE IN GROUP FAVOURITISM?
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declined
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"girls throughout childhood and ado- lescence (Steele, 2003; Turner, Gervai, & Hinde, 1993). But as we have seen, stereotyping of math as masculine seems to have " (Berk 534) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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flexible gender stereotyped views
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" In adolescence and adulthood, higher- SES individuals tend to hold more" (Berk 534) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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mixed
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"Does gender-stereotyped thinking influence children's gender-role adop- tion, thereby restricting their experiences and potential? The evidence is" (Berk 534) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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GENDER ROLE
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" Gender-typed preferences and behaviors increase sharply over the preschool years—the same period in which children rapidly acquire stereo- types. And boys—the more stereotyped of the two sexes—show greater conformity to their" (Berk 534) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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boys
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the more stereotyped fo the two sexes are
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dolls
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"But these parallel patterns do not tell us whether gender stereotyping shapes children's behavior. In some cases, a reverse direction of influence may operate because certain gender-role preferences are acquired long Even children who are well-versed in gender-related expec- tations are not necessarily highly gender-typed in their everyday activities. This boy appears to view playing with dolls as appropriate for boys as well as girls. before children know much about stereotypes. For example, by the middle of the second year, boys and girls favor different toys. When researchers showed 18-month-olds paired photos of vehicles and dolls, boys looked longer than girls at the vehicles, whereas girls looked longer than boys at the" (Berk 534) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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jobs
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" Children who believe that many stereotyped characteristics are appropriate for both sexes (for exam- ple, that it is OK for girls to play with trucks) are more likely to cross gender lines in choosing activities, playmates, and" (Berk 534) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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gender identities
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"This suggests that gender stereotypes affect behavior only when children incorporate those beliefs into their" (Berk 534) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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social learning theorists
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According to "This suggests that gender stereotypes affect behavior only when children incorporate those beliefs into their" (Berk 534) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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cooperativeness
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" According to an evolutionary perspective, the adult life of our male ancestors was largely oriented toward competing for mates, that of our female ancestors toward rearing children. Therefore, males became genet- ically primed for dominance and females for intimacy, responsiveness, and" (Berk 535) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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97
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"These sex differences in behavior exist in __ percent of mammalian species, including chim- panzees, our closest evolutionary relative " (Berk 535) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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difference
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"A close look at cross-cultural findings reveals that most societies pro- mote instrumental traits in males and expressive traits in females, although great diversity exists in the magnitude of this" (Berk 535) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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'feminine' tasks, roughhousing
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"For example, in Nyansongo, a small agricultural settlement in Kenya, mothers work four to five hours a day in the gardens, while older siblings care for young children, tend the cooking fire, and wash dishes. Because these duties are assigned to children of both sexes, girls do not have total responsibility for" _______"Their greater freedom and independence lead them to score higher than girls of""other tribal and village cultures in dominance, assertiveness, and playful " (Berk 536) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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fathers, just like mothers
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"mong all nations in the world, Sweden is unique in the value it places on gender equality. More than a century ago, Swe- den's ruling political party adopted equality as a central goal. One social class was not to exploit another, nor one gender another. In the 1960s, Sweden's expanding economy attracted women into the labor force in large numbers, raising the question of who would help sustain family life. Calling on the principle of equality, the Swedish people responded:" (Berk 536) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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nation
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"The Swedish "equal roles family model" maintains that husband and wife should have the same opportunity to pursue a career and should be equally responsible for housework and child care. To support this goal, Swedish fathers have had the right to paid parental employment leave longer than fathers in any other " (Berk 536) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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16 months
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" Today, in addition to two weeks of postbirth leave, Swedish fathers and mothers may share a total of ______ of full leave at 80 percent of prior income, which can be taken any time before the child reaches 8 years of age" (Berk 536) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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90
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"Today, ___ percent of Swedish fathers take at least some parental employment leave—more than in any other nation in the world. And more than half make work adjustments— reducing work hours, turning down promotions, and refusing overtime—so they can spend addi- tional time with children" (Berk 536) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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work
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"mployment. For example, more Swedish than British and Norwegian respondents agreed that "a working mother could establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not " (Berk 536) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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species
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"Experiments with animals reveal that pre- natally administered androgens (male sex hormones) increase active play in both male and female mammals. Androgens also promote male-typical sexual behavior and aggression and suppress maternal caregiving in a wide variety of " (Berk 537) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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androgens
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male sex hormones are
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Eleanor Macooby
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__"argues that at least some of these hormonal effects extend to humans. Recall from the introduction to this chapter that as early as the preschool years, children seek out playmates of their own sex—a preference observed in many mammalian species and cultures (Beatty, 1992; Munroe & Romney, 2006). At age 4, children spend three times as much time with same-sex as with other-sex playmates. By age 6, this ratio has climbed to 11 to 1 (Martin & Fabes, 2001). Throughout the school years, children continue to show a strong preference for same-sex peers." (Berk 537) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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girls
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"Why is gender segregation so widespread and persistent? According to Maccoby, early on, hormones affect play styles, leading to rough, noisy movements among boys and to calm, gentle actions among" (Berk 537) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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pairs
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"During the preschool years, girls increasingly seek out other girls and like to play in ___ because of a common preference for quieter activities involving cooperative roles. " (Berk 537) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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amniotic
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"In one study, prenatal levels of the androgen hormone testosterone (measured in _______ fluid samples collected during amniocentesis) positively predicted "masculine"-style play in both boys and girls when they were followed up during middle childhood (Auyeung et al., 2009)" (Berk 537) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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Congenital adrenal hyperplaia
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"is a disorder in which a genetic defect causes the adrenal system to produce unusually high levels of andro- gens from the prenatal period onward. Although the physical development of boys remains unaffected, girls with CAH are usually born with masculinized external genitals. Most undergo surgical correction in infancy, followed by continuous drug therapy to overcome the hormone imbalance." (Berk 537) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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CAH
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" girls with tend to be higher in activity level; to like cars, trucks, and blocks better than dolls; to prefer boys as playmates; and to be more interested in "masculine" careers, such as truck driver, soldier, or pilot " (Berk 538) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome
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"Fewer studies are available on genetic males with abnormally low early androgen expo- sure. In __________, the testes produce normal levels of androgens, but androgen receptors in body cells are partially or completely impaired. In other condi- tions, androgen production by the testes is reduced. Depending on the extent of impairment, physical outcomes range from predominantly male to typically female urogenital tract and external genitals. " (Berk 538) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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girls
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" Nevertheless, all children with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome were reared as ____. And children with partial androgen effects reared as girls displayed more feminine behavior than those reared as boys—findings suggesting a role for child rearing." (Berk 538) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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female
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"Other research on individuals reared from infancy as members of the other sex because they had ambiguous genitals indicates that most accepted their assigned sexual identity, though a substantial minority of CAH girls with masculinized genitals expressed consider- able discomfort with being reared " (Berk 538) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
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daughters
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"Investigators attributed this outcome to both biological and social factors, including hormonal influences on the brain and parents' struggles over sex assignment, which in some cases resulted in negative atti- tudes toward their " (Berk 538) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
