Wallace Studyguide Ch. 9 – Flashcards
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What did the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen proclaim?
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equal rights for all men, access to public office based on talent, an end to the nobles' and clergy's exemption for taxes, freedom of speech and press, and an end to arbitrary arrests.
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When was the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen passed?
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August 26, 1789 by the National Assembly
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What was the significance of the meeting of the Estates-General in 1789?
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The significance of the meeting of the Estates- General was the first time in 175 years that it had met. The king convened it only because the country was on the verge of financial collapse. When the Third Estate demanded that each deputy have one vote, the king resisted, so the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly and drafted a constitution.
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What was the Reign of Terror and how did it end?
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The Reign of Terror was a system set up by the Committee of Public Safety in which revolutionary courts prosecuted counterrevolutionaries and traitors, killing almost 40,000 people. After Robespierre was guillotined in 1794, the Jacobins lost power and more moderate middle class leaders took control.
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What effect did the Constitution of 1795 have?
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The Constitution of 1795 achieved more stability by separating the government into two government into two elected legislative houses. A Directory of five people was the executive authority. The Directory, was corrupt.
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What were four major principles that were reflected in the Napoleonic Civil Code?
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The Code's principles included equality of all citizens before the law, the right of the individual to choose a profession, religious tolerance, and the end of serfdom and all feudal obligations.
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What powers did Napoleon exercise as First Consul of France?
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Napoleon held absolute power. Specifically, he appointed officials, controlled the army, conducted foreign affairs, and influenced the legislature.
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What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna?
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The significance of the Congress of Vienna was that European leaders who had defeated Napoleon met to arrange peace. They intended to restore the old order, including restoring royal families to power. Their goal was to limit changes from the French Revolution.
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How did the great powers maintain the balance of power in Europe?
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The great powers maintained the balance of power in Europe by rearranging territories in Europe at the Congress of Vienna. They wanted to keep any one country from dominating Europe as France had done under Napoleon.
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How did the Committee of Public Safety deal with opposition? What was the effect of its policies?
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The Committee of Public Safety dealt with opposition violently by rooting out those who opposed revolution. Its policies encouraged the Reign of Terror, and finally led the National Convention to reduce the Committee's power in 1795.
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What was the Continental System, and was it effective?
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The Continental System was Napoleon's scheme to undermine Britain's economy by stopping British goods from reaching Europe. It was not effective because Napoleon's allies began to cheat and others resisted. Furthermore, new markets in the Middle East and in Latin America gave Britain other outlets for its goods.
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How did the ideologies of liberalism and conservatism differ?
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Liberalism, a political philosophy that grew out of the Enlightenment, held that people should be free from government restraint. Liberals emphasized civil liberties, like equality before the law and freedom of assembly, speech, and the press, to protect individuals. By contrast, conservatism predates the Enlightenment. It is based on tradition and obedience to political authority and organized religion.
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Timeline of the 5 pivotal events that occurred between 1789 and 1815.
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(1789) Formation of the National Assembly; (1789) Attack on the Bastille; (1789) Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen; (1799) Napoleon's ascension to first consul; (1815) Congress of Vienna; (1815) Waterloo
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What were Napoleon's views about how civil and military workers should be hired and promoted?
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Napoleon believed that hiring and promotion should be based on talent, not on a person's social class. He goes on to advise getting rid of any trace of serfdom and hierarchies in social class.
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Explain how these Enlightenment ideals inspired the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, passed by the National Assembly in 1791. (key points)
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Equal rights for all men; Access to public office based on talent; An end to the nobles' and clergy's exemptions from taxes; Freedom of speech and the press; And an end to arbitrary arrests.
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Was France under the Committee of Public Safety governed according to these Enlightened revolutionary ideals?
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Napoleon started out adopting Enlightenment ideals as first consul and in his Civil Code, but became more dictatorial and less enlightened as emperor.
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When did the French Revolution take place?
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The French Revolution took place in 1789-1815
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What was the immediate cause of the French Revolution?
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The immediate cause of the French Revolution was the near collapse of the French budget, hunger, and unemployment.
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When did the French Revolution end?
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The French Revolution ended in 1815
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What were the three estates in French society?
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(1st State) Clergy; (2nd Estate) Nobles; (3rd Estate) Townspeople
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Who formed the National Assembly and why?
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The 3rd Estate formed the National Assembly to form a new constitution.
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What happened on July 14, 1789?
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On July 14, 1789 about 900 Parisians gathered in the courtyard of the Bastille, and after four hours of fighting, the prison warden surrendered.
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What was the Great Fear?
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The Great Fear was peasant rebellions becoming part of the vast panic.
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Why did the revolutionaries want to reform the Catholic Church?
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Revolutionaries wanted to reform the Catholic Church because they needed money selling church land.
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Who were the sans-culottes?
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The sans-culottes were members of the Paris commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots.
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How did economic conditions increase opposition to government?
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Food shortages, rising prices, and unemployment angered many of the people in France; Citizens were unhappy with the monarchy's heavy spending on wars and on personal luxuries; Economic traditions, such as the tax system, favored the upper class, and the middle class wanted change and social justice; Taxes were based on tradition and custom; Taxes were unfairly applied.
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What were the 3 most important unfair taxes?
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The 3 most important unfair taxes: taille, gabelle, and vingtieme
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What was the radical minority called?
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The Patriots were the radical minority in France.
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Who convened a meeting of the French parliament, which was called the Estates- General and when?
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King Louis XVI and in 1789.
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What did the Patriots want?
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The Patriots wanted: a written constitution, to limit the king's power, elimination of legal privilege, and a representative assembly.
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How was the Catholic Church changed during the French Revolution?
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The Catholic Church was changed during the French Revolution due to: The National Assembly seizing and selling off the Church's lands; The Catholic Church was brought under the control of the state; The hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church was abolished; Bishops and priests were to be elected by the people rather than appointed by the Church hierarchy; Bishops' and priests' salaries were to be paid by the state rather than the Church.
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What were the major changes brought about by the Constitution of 1791?
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The major changes brought about by the Constitution of 1791: Set up a limited monarchy: a Legislative Assembly as well as the king; Made a distinction between active citizens, who could vote, and passive citizens, who could not; Provided for election, rather than appointment, of clergy, government officials, and judges.
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Why did the French Revolution radicalize?
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Radicals gained power after Louis XIV was executed; Jacobins club grew in numbers; execution of Louis XIV outraged Europe; France was faced with domestic uprisings and external threats; Committee of Public Safety was created to defend France.
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What did the Committee of Public Safety do?
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Adopted policies that became known as Reign of Terror; Set up revolutionary courts; Called on all citizens to defend France; Tried to control and improve society through price controls, primary education for all, and abolition of slavery.
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How did Napoleon change the bureaucracy?
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Napoleon changed the bureaucracy by opening careers for men of talent; He also developed a powerful centralized administrative machine.
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What were the parts of the Grand Empire?
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1. French Empire 2. Allied States
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What are two major reasons that help explain the collapse of Napoleon's empire?
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2 major reasons that helped explain the collapse of Napoleon's empire were nationalism and British resistance.
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What was Napoleon's background?
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From Corsica and of Italian descent; Family was minor nobility but not wealthy
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What were major milestones in Napoleon's rise to power?
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Rose quickly through the ranks-from captain in 1792 to commander in 1796; Won battles early on in southern France, defeating royalist forces supported by the British; Took control of France' army in Italy and defeated Austrian troops repeatedly; Overthrew the French government in a coup d'état in 1799; Gained absolute power; made himself emperor in 1804.
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Napoleon's failed invasion of___ led other____ states to attack the weakened French army.
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a) Russia b) European
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Napoleon was exiled to ___, and ____ became king.
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a) Elba b) Louis XVII
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After Napoleon returned to Paris, Russia, Great Britain, ____, and ____ pledged to defeat him.
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a) Austria b) Prussia
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Napoleon's final defeat came at ____ in Belgium against a combined ____ and British army.
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a) Waterloo b) Prussian
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At the Congress of ___ in 1814, European powers rearranged territories to form a new balance of ____ so that no one country could dominate.
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a)Vienna b)power
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Prince von ___ wanted lawful monarchs who had ruled before Napoleon to be restored to power.
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a) Metternich
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____ is a political philosophy based on obedience to political ____ and a belief in organized religion.
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a)Conservatism b)authority
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The great powers eventually adopted a principle of _____; troops were sent in to crush revolutions in Spain and Italy.
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a)intervention
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Growing out of the ____, the political philosophy of ____ emphasized the protection of civil liberties.
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a)Enlightenment b)liberalism
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After the French Revolution, people began to feel that their chief loyalty was to their ___, not their king or town.
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a)nation
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_____ and liberals agreed that each group of people should have its own state and its own government.
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a)Nationalists
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Why did Napoleon fall from power, and how did Europe respond by his defeat?
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He fell from power when he tried to invade Russia as a punishment for ignoring the Continental System as the winter snow began to fall. He led the "Great Retreat." The military disaster led other European states to ride up and attack the crippled French army. Europe responded to his defeat by having the rulers start to respond to Old Order and in 1814 at the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia arrange a final peace settlement.
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An annual direct tax, usually on land or property
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Taille
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The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
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Bourgeoisie
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An individual qualified to vote in an election
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Elector
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A sudden overthrow of the government
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Coup d'etat
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Government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government
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Consulate
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The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national systems
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Nationalism
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A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion
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Conservatism
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Idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions in restore legitimate governments
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Principle of Intervention
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A political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties- the basic rights of all people- should be protected
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Liberalism
