W.H. Chapter 3 The Reformation in Europe – Flashcards
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Who was the best-known Christian humanist?
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Desiderius Erasmus
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What did Desiderius Erasmus believe?
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He believed Christianity should show people how to live good lives. He thought that if people would read the classics, they would become more religious.
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Why did Christian humanists call for reform in the church?
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Humanists wanted Church leaders to be more spiritual and less worldly. They also objected to veneration of relics and the buying and selling of indulgences. People were critical of the Church.
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Who was Martin Luther?
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He was a monk in the Catholic Church and a professor at the University of Wittenberg.
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What idea of Martin Luther became the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation?
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Justification by faith alone.
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Where did Martin Luther issue his Ninety-Five Theses?
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On the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg
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When did Martin Luther issue his Ninety-Five Theses?
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October 3, 1517
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Why was Luther made an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire?
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He wanted to overthrow the papacy, attack the Church's system of sacraments, and promoted salvation through faith alone.
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What was the first Protestant faith?
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Lutheranism
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Why did Charles V oppose the Reformation?
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He saw it as a force that disrupted the political and social order. He wanted to keep the empire united and under the control of his Hapsburg dynasty.
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Who offered opposition to the rule of Charles V?
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King Francis I
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When did the end to religious warfare in Germany come?
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1555
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How did the end to religious warfare in Germany come?
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The Peace of Augsburg
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What did the end to religious warfare mean for Christianity?
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Germans were free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
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What factors combined to foster a religious reformation in Europe?
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Christian humanism's goal to reform the Catholic Church; Martin Luther's criticism of the Church's corrupt and worldly practices; the rise of Lutheranism; the political struggles of Charles V
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The Swiss priest Ulrich Zwingli introduced Protestant reforms in the city of ________ and wanted an alliance with _______ _______.
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Zürich Martin Luther
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John Calvin emphasized the idea of _____________, which gave later Calvinists the belief that they were doing God's work on Earth.
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Predestination
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The ______ ____ _______ of 1534 declared that King _________ was "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England."
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Act of Supremacy Henry VII
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In an effort to restore ________ _________ to England, Queen Mary I had almost 300 __________ burned as heretics.
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Roman Catholicism Protestants
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Anabaptists, who considered all believers to be __________, called for the complete _________ of church and state.
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Equal Separation
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Protestant teachers used ___________ methods, and Martin Luther believed that the _________ should pay for education.
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Humanist State
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Women's duties in marriage included bearing children and being obedient to their ___________.
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Husbands
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Some features of society were not changed; _____________, or discrimination against Jews, continued.
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Anti-Semitism
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Two new religious orders included: the __________ and the ____________, who took vows of poverty.
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Carmelites Jesuits
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In the year _________, thenPope called the __________ ______ ______, which defined Catholic doctrine.
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1545 Council of Trent
