W.H. Chapter 2 Lessons 1 &2 – Flashcards
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a region of the middle east named for its rich soils and golden wheat fields
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fertile crescentt
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a region that became a crossroad for people and ideas to met and mingle
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fertile crescent
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means "between the rivers"
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mesopotamia
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the area of land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which flow from the highlands of modern-day turkey through Iraq into the persain gulf
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mesopotamia
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the first civilization to develop in the world -it was located in southeastern Mesopotamia
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sumer
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true or false: control of the Tigris and Euphrates was key to developments in Mesopotamia -the rivers frequently flooded and would destroy villages
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true
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the ___ describes a great flood that destroys the world -first told orally in Sumer
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epic of gilgamesh
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true or false: catastrophic floods occurred alot in the ancient days of the fertile crescent
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true
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true or false: in order to help prevent flooding in Sumer because of the rivers, the people would work together to build dikes to hold back the floodwaters and irrigation dithes to carry water to the fields
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true
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___ was responsible to carry water back to the fields
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irrigation ditches
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__ were responsible to hold back the floodwaters from the Tigris and Euphrates river
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dikes
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the world's first cities were ___ & ____
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ur uk
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the ___ had few natural resources -built with clay and water -clay would make bricks
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sumerians
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__ brought riches to Sumerian cities
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trade
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the ___ may have been the first to invent wheeled vehicles
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sumerians
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Sumerians normally battled each other over city-states for the control of land and water -the people began to turn to war leaders for protection -over time the practice of war leaders turned into __ rule
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hereditary
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in the sumerian culture the __ was responsible for: -maintaining the city walls and irrigation systems -led armies in war -enforced the laws -employed scribes to collect taxes &keep records
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ruler
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in the sumerian culture, the __ was seen as the chief servant of the gods and led ceremonies meant to please them
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ruler
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a system of ranking groups
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hierachy
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the majority of people in the Sumerian culture were ___
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peasant farmers
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true or false: women held a high importance in Sumer but never held legal rights equal to those of men -but some ruler's wives had supervisory powers and wrote songs which reveals they had learned how to read and write
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true
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the sumer were ___ with religion
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polythestic
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means worshiping many gods
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polytheistic
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the __ were thought to control every aspect of life, especially the forces of nature
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gods
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the __ believed that their gods were like normal people but were also responsible for causing violence and suffering
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sumerians
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a large, stepped platform thought to have been topped by a temple dedicated to the city's chief god or goddesses -in the sumerian culture
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ziggurat
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the ___ believed in the after life -people lived after death in a grim underworld from which there was no release
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sumerians
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the ___ invented the earliest writing called cunieform
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sumerians
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the sumerians invented the earliest writing called ___
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cunieform
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from the latin word "cuneus" from "wedge" because scribes wrote by making wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets
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cuneiform
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true or false: cuneiform grew out of a system of pictographs used to record goods brought to temple store houses
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true
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true or false: as the Sumerians' writing evolved, they used it to record not only economic exchanges but myths, prayers, laws, and business contracts
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true
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true or false: in order to become a scribe, you went through strict discipline training -students who did well often learned about religion, mathematics, and literature as well
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true
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by __, the sumerian civilization had been replaced by other major civilizations -armies of conquering people came through Mesopotamia and took over the Sumerian city-states
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1900 bc
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true or false: even after Sumer was conquered, it left a lasting legacy -newcomers adapted many ideas and innovations from the Sumerians such as cunieform
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true
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the __ established a number system based on 6 -dividing the hour into 60 minutes -the circle into 360 degrees
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sumeriasn
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the ___ built on the Sumerians number system to develop basic algebra and geometry to create accurate calendars and predict the eclipses of the sun and moon
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babylonians
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true or false: the Sumerians orally told the Epic of Gilgamesh but the Akkadians and Babylonians wrote it down in cunieform
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true
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the ___ became a vital crossroad where warriors and traders met, clashed, and and mingled -many beliefs of the ancient ___ survived to shape our modern world
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middle east
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About 2300 B.C., ___, the ruler of Akkad invaded and conquered the neighboring city-states of Sumer
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sargon
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Sargon was the ruler of __
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akkad
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___ built the first empire in history -appointed local rulers each who served as king of the land he oversaw
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sargon
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true or false: the worlds first empire did not last long -created by Sargon the ruler of the Akkad
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true
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king of Babylon -brought much of Mesoptamia under the control of his empire -after sargon
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hammurabi
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the leader of an empire who published the Hammurabi's Code
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hammurabi
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was a set of laws that had been around since the Sumerian times but were in writing to ensure that everyone in the empire knew the legal principles of the government
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Hammurabi's code
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___ was the first attempt by a ruler to codify, or arrange a set down in writing, all the laws that would govern a state
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hammurabi's code
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to arrange and set down in writing
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codify
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the branch of law that deals with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, property inheritance, taxes, marriage, and divorce
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civil law
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much of Hammurabi's __ code was designed to protect the powerless, such as slaves or women`
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civil
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the __ civil law gave a husband both legal authority over his wife and a legal duty to support her -code also gave a father nearly unlimited authority over his children
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babylonian
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the ___ believed that an orderly household was necessary for a stable empire
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babylonians
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the branch of Hammurabi's code that deals with offenses against others, such as robbery, assault, or muder
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criminal law
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hammurabi's code has both ___ & ___ laws
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criminal civil
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true or false: by setting out specific punishments for specific offenses, hammurabi's code limited personal vengeance and encouraged social order
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true
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under __ ruler, he was very successful -made a code of laws -improved the system of irrigation -organized a well-trained army -ordered many temples to be repaired
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hammurabi
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the patron god of Babylon
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marduk
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true or false: Hammurabi promoted the worship of Marduk over Sumerian gods in order to create more unity in the empire
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true
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__ became the chief god of Babylonian worship
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marduk
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king of Babylon/Babylonians
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hammurabi
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were pushed out of asia minor into Mesopotamia aorund 1400bc
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hitties
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the ___ brought the knowledge of how to extract iron from ore to Mesopotamia -the tools they made were harder and had sharper edges -since there was a lot of iron the __ were able to arm more people at less expense
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hitties
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the __ were responsible for the iron age because once their empire crashed the secret of extracting iron became common knowledge -ironsmiths migrated elsewhere therefore spreading the knowledge across Asia, Africa, and Europe ^^ results in the iron age
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hitties
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lived on the upper Tigris -began expanding their empire across mesopotamia -earned a reputation for being among the most feared warriors in history
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assyrians
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___ was very central to Assyrian culture
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warfare
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the __ encouraged a well ordered society -used riches for trade & war loot to pay for their splendid palaces in their cities
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assyrians
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the first rulers to develop extensive laws regulating life within the royal household
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assyrians
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at __, King assurbanipal founded the world's first library -kept cuneiform tablets that he ordered scribes to collect from all over the fertile crescent
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nieveh
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the leader of the assyrians
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assurbanipal
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the leader of the new babylonian empire after it was taken over from the assyrians -stretched from the persian gulf to the mediterranean sea
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nebuchadnezzar
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oversaw the rebuilding of canals, temples, walls, and palaces of babylon -during his reign, the city became one of the largest and most highly regarded in the hitory of ancient mesopotamia
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nebuchadnezzar
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__ surrounded Babylon with a defensive moat and a brick wall that was 85 feet thick -9 gateways dedicated to the gods that allowed people to pass through
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nebuchadnezzar
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the most famous gate of the wall that Nebuchadnezzar built -had dragons representing the god Marduk -bulls representing the god Hadad
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ishtar gate
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true or false: During Nebuchadnezzar's rule of Babylon, he redid the Ziggurat in the middle of the city and restored the temple honoring the city's chief god, Marduk
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true
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true or false: Nebuchadnezzar may have built the famous Hanging Gardens near his main palace -had garden built to please his wife who was homesick for the hills where she had grown up
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true
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In 539 B.C. Babylon fell to the persian armies of ___ -the wall Nebuchadnezzar built failed to keep conquers out
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cyrus
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__ built the largest empire -after he captured Babylon from Nebuchadnezzar
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cyrus the great
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during ____ rule, the persians eventually controlled a wide sweep of territory that stretched from Asia minor to India, including present-day Turkey,Iran,Egypt,Afghanistan, and Pakistan
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cyrus the great
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__ kings pursued a policy of tolerance, or acceptance, of the people they conquered -^^ means they respected the customs of the diverse groups in their empire
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persian
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really unified the Persian empire -ruled from 522 BC to 486 BC
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emperor darius I
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-skilled organizer -kind of government he set up: divided the empire into provinces, each called a satrapy and headed by a governor called a satrap
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emperor darius
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a province was called a ____
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satrapy
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the governor of a province was called a ___
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satrap
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-adapted laws from the people he conquered -drew up a single set of laws for the empire -built hundreds of miles of roads--> wanted to encourage unity -celebrated important festivals and was seen by the people -constantly traveled from one royal capital to another
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emperor darius I
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true or false: each satrapy (province), had to pay taxes based on its resources and wealth -special officials visited each satrapy to check on the satraps
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true
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set up a common set of weights and measures to improve trade -also encouraged the use of coins
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emperor darius 1
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exchange one set of goods or services for another
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barter economy
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goods and services are paid for through the exchange of some token of an agreed value, such as a coin or bill -began by merchants and traders
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money economy
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was a persian -rejected the old Persian gods and taught that a single wise god, Ahura Mazda ruled the world
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zoroaster
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zoroaster believed in the god named ____
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ahura mazda
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the prince of lies and evils
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ahriman
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ahura mazda was in constant battle with ____ -caused individuals to choose a side to support -zoroaster taught that ahura mazda would will and all individuals would be judge on final judgment day
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ahriman
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true or false: just ike the religion that zoroaster made up, christianity and islam also stressed ideas of heaven, hell, and a final judgement day
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true
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were known as sailors and traders -they occupied a string of cities along the eastern mediterranean coast, in the area that today is Lebanon and Syria
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phoencians
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the __ produced a purple dye called "tyrian purple" after the city tyre
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phoencians
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the ___ made glass from coastal sand and produced a purple dye from a tiny sea snail
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phoencians
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to promote trade they set up colonies from North Africa to Sicily and Spain
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phoenicians
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a territory settled and ruled by people from another land
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colony
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some phoencians traders got braved and sailed across the stormy atlantic to ____ where they would exchange goods from the Mediterranean for tin
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britain
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known as "carriers of civilization" because they spread the middle eastern civilization around the Meditteranean
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phoencians
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a writing system in which each symbol represents a single basic sound, such as a consonant or vowel
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alphabet
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the ___ created the alphabet
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phoenicians
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after the phoencians developed the alphabet with 22 letters, the ___ developed the vowels
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greeks
