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Two dimensional art

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Drawing Painting Printmaking Photography/Digital Media Film and Video

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Drawing

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The most foundational or basic of all visual arts. The result of an implement running over a surface and leaving some trace of this gesture. Typically done on monochromatic paper.

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Monochromatic

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One color being used

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Support

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Surface (in drawing)

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Linear

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Made of lines

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Sketches

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Record an idea or provide information about something the artist has seen.

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Plans

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Preparatory studies for other projects, such as buildings, sculptures, crafts, clay, films, or paintings.

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Fully developed

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The drawings purpose is to stand alone as a finished work of art.

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Drawing categories

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Sketches Plans Fully developed

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Dry mediums

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Drawing materials that do not involve the application of water or other liquids.

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Wet/Fluid mediums

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liquid-based drawing materials

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Silverpoint

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Uses a ground of bone or chalk mixed with gum, water, and pigment. You drag a silver tipped instrument over the surface and the partials sticks to the ground. To make an area darker, use cross hatching. Very delicate in appearance.

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Ground

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The surface on which a two-dimensional work of art is created; a coat of liquid material applied to a surface that serves as a base for drawing or painting. Also, the background in a composition.

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Gum

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A sticky substance found in many plants, used to bind pigments as found, for example, in silverpoint, chalk and pastel drawings.

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Pigment

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Coloring matter that is usually mixed with water, oil, or other substances to make paint.

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Pencil

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Most traditional media; replaced silverpoint; capable of creating a wide range of effects. Came to use in the 1500s; mass produced pencils invented in the late 18th century. Uses a thin rod of graphite encased in wood or paper. Graphite is ground to dust, mixed with clay, and baked. The more clay, the harder the pencil.

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Charcoal

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Used by prehistoric peoples on cave walls, created using burnt pieces of wood or bone. Today, made from charring of special hardwoods. Ranges from hard to soft. Can be smudged/rubbed to create value variety. Needs to be fixed with varnish, or can be rubbed off and isn't permanent.

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Pastel

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Similar to charcoal, made of ground chalk mixed with powdered pigment and a binder. Introduced in France in the 1400's, comes in many colors.A drawing implement made by grinding coloring material, mixing it with gum, and forming it into a crayon.

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Colors of Pastel

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Ocher Sanguine Umber

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Ocher

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Dark yellow color derived from an earthy clay (pastels)

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Sanguine

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Blood colored, ruddy: cheerful and confident (from Latin for blood)-(pastels)

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Umber

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A kind of earth that has a yellowish or reddish brown color (pastels)

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Chalk

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A form of soft limestone that is easily pulverized and can be used as a drawing implement.

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Binder

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A material that binds substances together

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Crayon

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Any drawing material in stick form. Including: Charcoal Chalk Pastels Wax implements

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Conte Crayon

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Square stick of compressed graphite or charcoal mixed with wax or clay. One of the most popular commercially produced crayons. Wax crayons combine pigment with wax. Are less prone to smudge.

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Wet Media

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Pen and ink Pen and wash Brush and ink Brush and wash

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Ink

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Primary fluid media. Ancient people used ink from dyes of plants, squid, and octopus. Instruments used with ink are primarily pen and brush. Ink has been around for thousands of years.

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India ink

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Used in Calligraphy and is made of carbon black and water. Oldest known ink.

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Papyrus

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A writing service made from the papyrus plant which Egyptians wrote on with ink.

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Calligraphy

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Beautiful handwriting; penmanship; ornamental writing with a pen or brush.

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Pen and Ink

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Used since ancient times, earliest form was reeds from plants.

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Quills

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Plucked from birds, commonly used in the middle ages. Replaced in the 29th century with mass produced metal nib, which is slipped into a stylus.

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Nib

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Point of a pen

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Stylus

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A pointed, needlelike tool used in drawing, printmaking, making impressions on electric media, and so on.

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Wash

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Diluted ink that is applied with a brush. Often combined with fine lines of pure ink to provide tonal emphasis.

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Brush and Ink

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Extremely versatile. Brushes come in a wide array of materials, textures, and shapes; all create different visual effects.

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Cartoon

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Derived from Italian word "cartone" meaning paper. Originally referred to full-scale preliminary drawings on paper for projects such as fresco paintings, stained glass, or tapestries. In 1843, definition was expanded to what we know now: a parody of fresco cartoons which were submitted for decoration of the House of Parliament appeared in an English magazine. Modern cartoons rely on caricature.

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New approaches to drawing

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Displays endless versatility; in purpose, in media, and in techniques. New methods, styles are constantly being developed. Contemporary artists are pushing the definition of a drawing.

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Painting

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The application of pigment to a surface. Paint can be applied to many surface, both traditional and nontraditional.

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Vehicle

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The binding agent that holds the pigment that makes the paint.

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Medium

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The solvent used to make the paint.

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Paint

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Liquid material that imparts color on a surface.

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Types of painting

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Fresco Encaustic Tempera Oil Acrylic Watercolor Spray paint

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Fresco

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The art of painting on plaster. Was popular in the Renaissance; later revived in Mexico after WWI.

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Buon/True Fresco

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Done on damp lime plaster.

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Fresco Secco

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Painting on dry plaster

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Problems with Fresco

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Must work fast, you can only paint what can be completed in one day. This can create visual seams. Some color does not work well with lime (such as blue).

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Encaustic

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One of the earliest methods of applying color to a surface. Uses a pigment in a wax vehicle that have been heated to a liquid state. Extremely durable, color remains vibrant, surface will retain a hard luster, used by Egyptians & Romans, and contemporary use does occur but is not common.

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Tempera

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Uses ground pigments mixed with vehicle of egg yolk or whole egg diluted with water. Popular for centuries and is considered the traditional composition, rarely used today, used by Greeks & Romans, exclusive painting medium of artists in the Middle Ages, and fell out of favor in the 1300s with the introduction of oil painting.

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Advantages of Tempera

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Extremely durable, pure and brilliant colors, color did not become compromised by oxidation, and consistency allowed for precision.

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Disadvantages of Tempera

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Dries quickly; hard to rework the surface once it dries. Cannot provide subtle gradation of tone.

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Gesso

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A combination of powdered chalk and plaster and animal glue used as ground in tempera.

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Gilding

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The application of thinly hammered sheets of gold to a panel surface. Commonly used in conjunction with tempera.

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Egg tempera

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The egg mixture traditionally used as a vehicle in tempera.

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Oil paint

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Consists of ground pigments combined with linseed oil vehicle and a turpentine medium or thinner. Transition from tempera to oil was gradual, naturally slow drying but can be sped up with agents, and the first oil paintings were on wood panels.

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Glaze

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Layers of transparent films of paint on a surface (used in oil painting)

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Advantages of Oil

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color is easily blendable, slow drying lets you rework problem areas, and can create delicate colors-great of recreating accurate and true to life skin tones (veins, hair, and other details)

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Disadvantages of Oil

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Tends to be expensive and is toxic; requires proper ventilation and disposal of materials.

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Canvas

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Eventual use of canvas as a ground allowed paintings to get much larger.

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Acrylic

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A mixture of pigment and a plastic vehicle that can be thinned with water. Since plastic is needed, acrylic paint didn't come on the market until the 1960's.

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Advantages of Acrylic over Oil

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Easier clean up process, safer to use, can be used on a variety of surfaces, and is cheaper than oil paint.

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Watercolor

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Any painting medium that employs water as a solvent.

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Aquarelle

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Specific technique involving transparent films of paint being applied to a white absorbent surface. Egyptian artists used this form of water painting; also used during the Middle Ages.

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Gouache

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Watercolor mixed with a high concentration vehicle and opaque ingredients such as chalk; primarily used in the Byzantine and Romanesque eras of Christina art. Modern artists still use this material and process.

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Disadvantages of water color

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White does not exist; only created by letting the paper shine through-must really think ahead. Corrections are not possible.

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Advantages of water color

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Material is very portable, great for sketches and quick impressions, and inexpensive material.

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Spray paint

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Often associated with vandalism, style and approach have been translated to paper and canvas for use in art galleries, and considered a non-traditional material.

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Collage

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Picasso & Braque were the first artists to incorporate pieces of newspaper, labels from wine bottles, and oil cloth in their paintings in the early 1900's.

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Contemporary Painting

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The "rules" about what materials can be used to create a painting have evolved over time, and continue to push boundaries.

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Blending materials

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Once considered non-traditional, but is quickly becoming more common.

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Femmage

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Artist Miriam Schapiro created this term to describe her version of collage using feminine imagery and materials.

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Importance of Printmaking

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Drawing and painting are unique, one of a kind originals, BUT printmaking can create multiple images. Allows us to study great works of art from a distance, makes artwork available to the general public, and printmaking is an art form in its own right.

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Methods of printmaking

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Relief Intaglio Lithography Silkscreen

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Print (printmaking)

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The piece of paper or surface that the design is then transferred to.

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Matrix

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The working surface. Include: Wood blocks Metal plates Stone slabs Silk screens

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Relief Printing

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Matrix is carved with a knife or gouges (cut out areas aren't printed, while the raised areas are). Ink is applied to the raised surfaces, the matrix is pressed against a sheet of paper, and the image is transferred.

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Types of relief printing

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Woodcut Wood engraving

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Woodcut

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Oldest form of printmaking. After the invention of the printing press, it played an important role in book illustrations as well as images included in newspapers and journals. Made by cutting along the grain of the flat surface of a wooden board with a knife. (relief printing)

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Wood Engraving

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A type of relief printing in which a hard, laminated, nondirectional wood surface is used as the matrix. Used to illustrate newspapers until photography came.

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Laminated

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Thin layers of wood are glued together to create a hard, non-directional flat surface.

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Burin/Graver

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Used to incise lines instead of using knives. Creates very fine lines that give the illusion of tonal gradation.

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Intaglio

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Uses metal plates into which lines have been incised. Plates are covered with ink which is then forced into the groove, then the ink is wiped off the flat surfaces, the paper and plate are run through a press, and the paper is pressed into the lines and the image is transferred onto the paper.

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Types of Intaglio printing

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Engraving Drypoint Etching Mezzotint Aquatint

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Engraving

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Ancient artistic method. On paper in the 15th century, later other materials were used. Clean lines on copper, zinc, or steel made using a burin. The harder you push, the deeper the line; the more ink it holds, the darker the resulting line is on paper. (Intaglio)

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Drypoint

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Engraving with a twist. A needle is dragged across the surface which leaves a rough edge or metal burr left in its wake. (intaglio)

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Burr

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Creates a soft line instead of a crisp line in engraving.

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Etching

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Minimal pressure is used for the depth of the line in etching; a chemical process does the rest. A metal plate is covered with an acid resist (a liquid much like wax or resin). Once dry, the artist scratches this surface with a needle. Lastly, the plate is placed in acid and it eats away the exposed ares, deepening the lines. (intaglio)

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Mezzotint

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Doesn't depend on line. Comes from Italian word meaning "half tint". Rarely used today, very time consuming. Entire plate is worked with a hatcher which creates thousands of pits all over the surface. The artist polishes and smoothes the areas that are desired to be white. (intaglio)

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Aquatint

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Easier and quicker than mezzotint. Still used today. Often used with line etching to make images that have tones that look like wash drawings. A metal plate is evenly coated with powder of acid-resistent resin. The plate is heated, making the resin melt and stick to the plate. Lines are then etched and the plate is placed in acid and exposed surfaces are eaten away. (intaglio)

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Etching techniques

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Soft-ground etching Lift-ground Guaffrage

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Soft-ground etching

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Uses a ground of softened wax

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Lift-ground etching

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Creates the illusion of brush and ink drawing by brushing a solution of sugar and water onto a resin-coated plate.

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Guaffrage

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Inkless Intaglio process

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Lithography (planographic printing)

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Invented in the 19th century by German playwright Aloys Senefelder. Unlike relief and Intaglio, the matrix used in lithography is completely flat. A drawing is made with a greasy crayon on a flat stone slab, then a solution of nitric acid is applied as a fixative. The surface is then dampened with water. The stone is covered with an oily ink using a roller. The ink sticks to the wax, but NOT the water. Lastly, the paper is pressed to the stone and the ink is transferred from the wax.

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Silkscreen

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Also called screen printing and serigraphy. Stencils are used to create the design or image. Silk, nylon, or a fine mesh is stretched on a frame. Stencil is applied to the screen and paint or ink is forced through the screen using a squeegee.

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Photo silkscreen

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Allows the artist to create photographic images on the screen covered with a light-sensitive gel.

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Monotype

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Overlaps in the areas of drawing and painting. Product is a single, original work of art. They're NOT part of an edition, or used to create multiple prints. Brushes are used, but the paint can also be scratched off.

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Video art

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Artists have appropriated TV images or other images to make video art.

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Digital art

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Artists using a computer, as a tool, to make art digitally.

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Prints (photography)

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A photograph, especially one made from a negative.

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Photography

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Both a science and art form, involves the hand, head, and heart. Matter of selection and interpretations. Comes from the Greek word meaning "to write with light" and impacts every aspect of our lives.

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Photosensitive

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A surface that is sensitive to light and therefore capable of recording images.

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Lens

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A transparent substance with at least one curved surface that causes the convergence or divergence of light rays passing through it. In the eye and camera, the lenses are used to focus images onto photosensitive surfaces.

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Cameras

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Similar to the human eye. Include aperture, shutter, film, and lens.

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Aperture

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The opening in the camera through which light passes.

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Shutter

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The mechanism that opens and closes the aperture on a camera.

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Stop

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Size of the aperture on a camera.

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Film

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A type of photosensitive surface which is used for recording photographs.

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Telephoto lens

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Magnify faraway objects and tend to collapse space.

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Wide-angle lens

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Allows broad view of objects in a confined area.

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Emulsion

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An active layer of small particle of photosensitive silver salt suspended in gelatin.

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Negative

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Film which has been exposed to light and are chemically treated. Areas of light and dark are reversed.

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Two kinds of colored film

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Color reversal film and color negative film. Both contain THREE light sensitive layers.

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Digital Photography

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Translates visual images to digital information, which is recorded on a disk.

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Advantages of digital photography

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No film Immediate gratification Can manipulate images on a computer Can print images yourself Digital cameras are embedded in everything

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Disadvantages of digital photography

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Doesn't have sharpness of film Files are large Cannot always obtain quality of film Nice digital cameras are expensivei

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Timeline of photography

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1) Camera Obscura 2) Photosensitive surfaces 3) Heliography 4) The Daguerreotype 5) The Negative 6) Portraits 7) Photojournalism 8) Photography as an art form

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Camera Obscura

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Was a covered box or darkened room with a pin hole to project light and an image on the opposite wall. Image was projected upside down and was used to trace a scene and get the correct perspective translated.

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Dagguerreotype

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Used a thin sheet of silver plated copper. Had a long exposure time (5-40 minutes), the image reverses from the left to the right, very delicate, had to be sealed behind glass, and no negative, therefore no copies could be made.

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Niepce and Louise Jacques-Mande Daguerre

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Invented the Dagguerreotype

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The negative

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Places an object on a piece of light sensitive paper; exposes the arrangement to light. Also called "photogenic drawings". Image was reversed and inverted.

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William Henry Fox Talbot

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Invented the negative, or "photogenic drawings" as he called them in 1839.

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Contact print

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Photographic print that is made by placing a negative in contact with a sheet of photosensitive paper and exposing both to light so that the second sheet of paper acquires the image.

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Autochrome

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Glass plates coated with three layers of dyed potato starch that served as color filters. Often hand painted with this dye to create color, a luxury of the upper class.

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Louis Lumiere

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Invented the autochrome in 1907

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Portraits

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Became popular in 1850. Painting portraits were a luxury only available to the elite, but portrait photography was now being offered to the middle class.

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Nadar

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Real name was Gaspard Felix Tournachon. Was a very successful portrait photographer.

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Photojournalism

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Revolutionized the capacity of the news media. Photojournalist are given an assignment, has a specific goal to tell a story with just the facts of a scene. This takes skill and allows the photographer to be "neutral." Has an implied truth that other mediums do not.

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Alexander Gardner

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First used the camera to record major historical events such as the Civil War.

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Dorothea Lange

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Portrayed the lifestyles of migrant farmworkers and sharecroppers. Her famous portrait, "Migrant Mother", records poverty of the Great Depression.

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Edward Steichen

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Gave himself "assignments" to express himself through photography. This was a daring move and helped make photography into an art.

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Alfred Stieglitz

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Formed the photo session in 1902

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Photo session

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A group dedicated to advancing photography as an art form.

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Sandy Skoglund

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Contemporary artist. Uses multiple approaches to making art. Process is important to her. She creates objects (using clay or real objects) then stages a scene. She hires models to interact in the scene and lights it. She then takes the photograph which is the finished piece. Takes several months.

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Zoogyroscope

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An early motion-picture projector

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Cinematography

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The art of making motion pictures. Motion pictures do not really move, audience is shown in 16-24 still pictures (or frames) per second.

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Slow motion

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Achieved by filming 100 or more frames per second and playing it back at the normal 16-24 still pictures per second.

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Pan

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To move a motion picture/video camera from side to side to capture a continuous view of a subject.

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Zoom

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To use a zoom lens, which can be adjusted to provide long shots or close-ups while keeping the image in focus.

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Editing

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Rearranging film to provide a more coherent or interesting narrative or presentation of the images.

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Narrative editing

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Selecting from multiple images of the same subject to advance a story.

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Long shots

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An image or sequence made from a great distance, providing an overview of a scene.

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Parallel editing

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Shifting back and forth from one storyline to another.

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Flashbacks

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An interruption of the storyline with the portrayal of an earlier event.

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Flash-forwards

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An interruption of the storyline with the portrayal of a future event.

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Fading

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Gradual dimming or brightening of a scene, used as a transition.

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Dissolve

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A fading technique in which the current scene grows dimmer as the subsequent scene grows brighter.

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Montage

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The use of flashing, whirling, or abruptly altering images to convey connected ideas, suggest the passage of time, or provide an emotional effect.

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Cinematographic experiences

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Propaganda Satire Social commentary Fantasy Surrealism Symbolism

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Video

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People are receptive to video images. The act of recording an event can add an element of performance. People can act unnatural because of this. Reality TV is an example of performance being sold as reality due to video.

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Digital art

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The production of images by artists with the assistance of the computer. Software is sophisticated and can offer many options to manipulate a digital image

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Appropriation

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Artistic practice of reworking an existing image to create something new and transformed that only references the original work. Musicians do this in the form of sampling. This is very controversial.

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