Virology Test 2 – Flashcards
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| What are the subfamilies in the Family Parvoviridae? (2) |
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| Parvovirinae, Densovirinae |
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| What are the genus in the subfamily Parvovirinae? (4) |
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| Parvovirus, Erythrovirus, Dependovirus, Bocavirus |
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| What are the genus in the subfamily Densovirinae? (5) |
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| Densovirus, Iteravirus, Contravirus, Brevidensovirus, Pefudensovirus |
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| What is the type species for Erythrovirus? |
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| Human B19 virus |
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| What is the type species for Dependovirus? |
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| Adeno-associated virus 2 |
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| What is the type species for Densovirus? |
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| Junonia coenia densovirus |
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| What is the type species for Iteravirus? |
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| Bombyx mori densovirus |
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| What is the type species for Contravirus? |
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| Aedes aegypti densovirus |
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| Parvovirus is generally found in what species? |
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| Humans and mice (minute virus) |
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| Erythrovirus is found in what species? |
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| humans |
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| Adeno-associated virus 2 uses what two other viruses to complete it's replication cycle? |
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| Herpes virus, adenovirus |
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| Bocavirus is found in what species? |
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| humans and cows |
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| What is the type species for Bocavirus? |
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| bovine parvovirus |
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| What subfamily is Amdovirus a part of? |
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| parvovirinae |
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| Amdovirus is found in what species? |
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| mink (Aleutian mink virus disease) |
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| What subfamily is Brevidensovirus a part of? |
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| Densovirinae |
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| What subfamily is Pefudensovirus a part of? |
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| Densovirinae |
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| What is the type species for Brevidensovirus? |
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| aedes aegypti densovirus |
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| What is the type species for Pefundensovirus? |
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| periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus |
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| What do Densovirus, Iteravirus, Brevidensovirus and Pefudensovirus have in common? (2) |
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| All are a part of the subfamily densovirinae and are insect viruses |
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| Adeno |
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| gland |
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| Brevi |
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| short |
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| Dependo |
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| to hang on |
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| Entomo |
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| insect |
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| Erythro |
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| red |
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| Denso |
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| thick, compact |
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| Parvo |
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| small |
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| What are the smallest DNA viruses? What's the approximate size? |
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| Those of the family parvoviridae; 18 to 26 nm |
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| B19 is closely related to what other types parvoviruses? Two examples |
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| Monkey parvoviruses; macaque and rhesus macaque |
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| Do adeno-associated virus 2 cause disease in humans? |
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| no |
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| Dependoviruses are used in what form of biotechnology? |
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| Gene therapy |
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| Canine and feline parvovirus are closely related to what other parvovirus? (hint: animal species)Why? |
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| mink enteritis virus; mink meat was once fed to cats and dogs |
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| Human bocavirus causes what human disease? |
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| pneumonia |
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| Parvoviruses are naked or enveloped? Helical or icosohedral? How many capsomers do parvoviruses have? |
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| Naked; icosohedral; 60 |
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| Is parvovirus dsDNA or ssDNA? Is is a small or large genome? |
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| ssDNA; small |
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| What's interested about the parvovirus viral genome? |
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| It has inverted complementary sequences |
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| What are the inverted complementary sequences in parvoviruses involved? |
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| Priming |
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| Autonomous parvoviruses can do what? |
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| replicate on their own |
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| Dependoviruses require what? |
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| helper virues |
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| Why do Dependoviruses require helper viruses? |
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| They need the transforming function |
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| What are two examples of helper viruses? |
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| Adenovirus, herpesvirus |
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| The terminal ends/inverted repeats of autonomous parvoviruses are the same or different from each other? |
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| Different |
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| Dependoviruses terminal ends/inverted repeats are the same or different from each other? |
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| Same |
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| inverted complimentary sequences do what? (2) |
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| Bind to each other and form hairpin structures |
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| Do parvoviruses have ANY dsDNA? If yes, where? |
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| Yes, in the hairpin portion |
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| Where to autonomous parvoviruses uncoat? |
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| cytoplasm |
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| Infection with a autonomous parvovirus leads to what? |
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| a productive/lytic infection |
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| What receptor do autonomous parvoviruses use? (2) |
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| heparin sulfate proteoglycan cell receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor |
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| What happens when you get an infection with a Dependovirus such as adeno-associated virus? |
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| It enters the cell and integrates into the dna |
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| Where does AAV integrate into the host DNA? |
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| Chromosome 19 of humans |
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| What happens if AAV is introduced into the cell at the same time as a helper virus (adenovirus/herpes virus)? |
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| AAV will complete its replication cycle and lead to a productive/lytic infection |
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| What happens if a helper virus (adenovirus/herpes virus) is added to a cell that is already infected w/ AAV? |
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| AAV will complete its replication cycle and lead to a productive/lytic infection; AAV is "rescued" |
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| Splicing of parvovirus transcripts allows for what? |
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| It allows for making more proteins that would normally be possible with the one transcript |
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| HOw many transcripts can be made due to splicing for AAV? MVM (minute virus of mice)? B19? |
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| 6+, 3, 9 |
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| Why are so many different transcripts made for B19? |
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| it replicates in different cells and needs the machinery to be able to do this |
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| What purpose does binding of inverted repeats serve? |
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| It primes for replication and allows use of the ssDNA to be a template |
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| What are the steps of parvovirus DNA replication? (3) |
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| Hairpin formation! 1. Elongate 2. Nick and open (elongation at nick) 3. Gap fill: in this step, the gaps in the parental DNA are filled in using teh progeny DNA--at the end, the parental DNA ends up being a hybrid molecule (parental/new DNA) |
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| What is NS1 and where does it bind? What is its function? |
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| Non-structural protein that binds to ends of DNA; guides unit length DNA to empty capsid and cleaving from ssDNA to complete nucleocapside |
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| What's the infection route of parvovirus? |
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| respiratory tract, blood transfusion, across placenta to fetus |
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| What are the symptoms of parvovirus infection? |
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| LACY rash, biphasic rash after viremia, arthritis, fever/headache/itching |
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| What are the other names for parvovirus infections in humans? (3) |
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| Erythema infectiosum, 5th disease, "slapped cheeks" |
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| Why is parvovirus infection in humans so troubling during pregnancy? |
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| Can cause mid-trimester abortion because the virus will destroy the RBC precursors of the baby. This leads to anemia and cardiac failure of the baby |
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| Is parvovirus EXCLUSIVELY a childhood disease? |
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| NO! It can occur in adults |
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| Viremia |
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| virus in the blood |
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| Pyrexia |
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| fever |
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| What are the hematologic changes that occur with human parvovirus? |
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| reticulocyte, leukocytes and hemoglobin counts drop |
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| When does the rash characteristic of human parvovirus occur? |
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| after the fever |
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| Where does B19 parvovirus occur? Is it contagious? What is the incubation period? |
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| EVERYWHERE, highly contagious, 10 day incubation period |
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| How is B19 parvovirus diagnosed? (4) |
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| immune electron microscopy, Dot-Blot hybridization with cloned viral DNA, ELISA and PCR |
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| How does the ELISA work? |
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| It looks for antibodies |
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| How does Dot Blot hybridization work/ |
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| Using labeled DNA to see if it'll attach to viral DNA probes |
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| What's the treatment and prevention for b19 parvovirus? |
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| No SPECIFIC treatment or vaccine (preventative strategy) |
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| Are there any kinds of supportive treatments for b19 parvovirus? What are they? |
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| Yes; blood transfusions to prevent or treat aplastic crisis due to infection with the virus; especially critical when a person has sickle cell |
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| aplastic anemia |
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| deficiency of the formed elements (RBC, WBC) of teh blood due to a failure of teh cell-producing machinery of the bone marrow |
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| Reticulocyte |
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| immature erythrocyte (RBC) with a network of threats and particles at the former site of the nucleus; one percent of all RBC |
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| erythroblast |
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| nucleated cell passing through maturation stages to become a mature erythrocyte |
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| hydropps fetalis |
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| edema, abnormal accumulation of fluid between cells |
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| thrombocytopenia |
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| lower than normal number of platelets and resulting in bleeding and easy bruising |
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| lymphocytopenia |
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| lower than normal number of lymphocytes in the blood circulation |
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| neutropenia |
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| abnormal decrease in the number of nuetrophils (type of WBC) in the blood |
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| For how long can b19 parvovirus be contagious? |
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| a week |
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| Can ethanol be used to get rid of B19 on hands? Why? |
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| No; it's a nonenveloped virus |
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| What genus are in the Family papillomaviridae family? |
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| genus papillomavirus |
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| What viruses are in the Genus Papillomavirus? |
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| Human papilloma virus (80 types), bovine papilloma (5 types), Shope papilloma plus elephant, dear, canine, equine, ovine, orca, turle... |
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| What is the type species for the Genus Papillomavirus? |
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| Shope papilloma virus (cottontail rabbit papillomavirus) |
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| What viruses are part of the family polyomaviridae? |
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| polyoma virus, simian vacuolating agent (SV 40), BK virus of humans, JC virus of humans, plus mouse, monkey, baboon, bovine, hamster, rhesus |
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| What virus in the Family Polyomavirus is included in the polio vaccine? |
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| SV40 |
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| Is BK virus benign or malignant? |
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| Bening--unless you have HIV too |
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| Are polyomaviruses envoloped or non-envoloped? icosohedral or helical? fibers or no fibers? |
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| non-enveloped, icosohedral, no fibers |
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| Are papillomaviruses envoloped or non-envoloped? icosohedral or helical? fibers or no fibers? |
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| non-enveloped, icosohedral, no fibers |
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| how big is papillomavirus? |
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| 55 nm (bigger) |
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| how big is polyomavirus? |
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| 44 nm (smaller) |
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| What is the importance of being non-enveloped viruses? |
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| These viruses are very stable in the environment; i.e. papillomavirus, polyomavirus, parvovirus |
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| Is the naked DNA infectious for polyomavirus? Papilloma virus? Adenovirus? |
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| polyoma naked DNA is infectious, papilloma naked DNA IS NOT infectious, adenovirus naked DNA is infectious |
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| can papillomavirus grow well in cell culture? |
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| No--not w/o helping factors |
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| The DNA for papilloma and polyoma virus is?? dsDNA/ssDNA |
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| supercoiled ds DNA |
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| Do papilloma or polyoma viruses have enzymes in the virion? |
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| No |
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| What is the eclipse period for papillomaviruses? |
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| 12-14 hours; LONGER than normal for most viruses |
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| How long is the entire multiplication cycle of papilloma viruses? |
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| 48 hrs |
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| What kind of infection do papilloma viruses cause? |
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| productive/lytic OR non-productive/tranformation |
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| A tranformation cycle in papilloma virus infections can lead to what? |
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| cancer |
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| What are teh steps of the multiplication cycle of polyoma and SV40 virus? |
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| Attachment by VP1 to cell growth factor receptors, endocytosis, uncoating in the NUCLEUS, tight transcriptional control, DNA replication, early and late translation and assembly |
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| What are early T antigens sometimes involved in? (T antigens are in polyoma and SV40 viruses) |
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| Transformation of the cell and cancer |
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| What are late genes in Polyoma and SV40 responsible for? |
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| Structural proteins |
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| Do polyoma and SV40 obviously lyse infected cell? |
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| no |
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| Polyoma promoter elements-- What is the purpose of T-Ag binding sites? |
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| Promote early transcription of early T antigens; as more early T antigens are made (translated) and bind to these sites, it becomes inhibitory and early genes are transcribed less |
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| polyoma promoter elements-- What is the enchancer region for? |
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| Enchances teh transcription of late genes which allow for the virion to be put together |
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| SV 40 promoter elements What are teh 21 sites? |
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| repetitive elements that T antigens bind to |
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| SV 40 promoter elements What are the 72 sites? |
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| repeated DNA regions where T antigens bind that increase LATE transcription of messenger RNA |
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| What virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy? |
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| JC virus of the polyomaviridae family |
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| [image] |
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| Transcriptional map of polyomavirus one strand: Tripartite region that is spliced together with a coding region for small, middle and large T antigens NOTE: in the middle and large T antigens, there's splicing w/in the coding region other strand: also has a promoter element that is spliced to make three proteins. VP1: involved in attachments VP2 and 3: structural proteins |
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| What does multifocal leukoencephalopathy do? is it fatal? what causes it? |
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| demyelinate nerves; not normally fatal; jc virus |
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| What group of people are usually targeted for polyoma diseases? |
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| immuno-suppressed |
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| What part of the body is affected by BKV? |
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| Urinary tract, respiratory tract |
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| Cis-regulatory elements |
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| regulate adjacent genes |
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| trans-regulatory elements |
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| regulate distant genes |
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| Aspects of PAPILLOMAvirus transcriptions |
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| multiple promoters, complex and multiple splicing, differential production of mRNAs in different cells, cis AND trans regulatory elements |
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| What is meant by differential production of mRNAs in different cells in papillomavirus? |
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| depending upon the cell type in which the virus is in, it'll lead to a vegetative or productive production |
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| [image] |
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| LCR: Long Control Region contains enchancer elements responsive to cellular and viral factors E1 gene: enchance replication of plasmid OR downregulate expression of E1 gene E2: regulates transcription E5: involved in transformation in bovine **E6/E7: involved in transformation in HUMAN cells (progresses to cancer) L1/L2: Late gene products, are capsid proteins and are upregulated by early products |
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| In what cells does papillomavirus replicate? |
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| lower basal cells in epithelium |
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| When can replication of papillomavirus NOT occur? |
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| when teh cell is not dividing |
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| How is papilloma virus DNA maintained? |
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| as a stable multicopy plasmid that replicates once per cell cycle |
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| In differentiated cells, what happens as far as papilloma virus DNA replication? |
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| it replicated vegetatively |
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| Does cellular synthesis occur in differentiated cells infected w/ papilloma virus? |
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| no |
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| Where does primary infection of papillomavirus occur? |
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| in the basal stem and reserve cells; iow: have to get past the dead skin layers |
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| In what layer of skin can E6 and E7 be first found? |
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| lower spinous layers |
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| In what layer of skin can koilocytes be seen? |
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| upper spinous layers |
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| in what layer of skin can late proteins (of papillomavirus) be first seen? |
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| upper spinous layer |
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| Where are mature virions assembled in the epithelium? |
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| granular layers |
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| From where is papillomavirus shed? |
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| the stratum corneum skin layer |
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| What is a typical indicator of papilloma infection? |
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| koilocytes |
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| Cell pathology in papilloma virus infections shows what? |
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| dysplastic cells, enlarged cells, koilocytes, darkly staining nucleus, clearing around nucleus, small cytoplasm |
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| Which serotypes of papillomavirus undergo transformation and account for 95% of cervical cancers? |
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| 16, 18, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58 |
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| What is the function of E7? |
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| transforming proteins, modulate transcription, transactivated Adenovirus E2 gene, interacts with RB gene |
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| Human keratinocytes are transformed by what protein to immortality? |
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| papillomavirus E6 |
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| Papillomavirus E7 protein is similar to what other proteins in domain and function? |
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| Adenovirus E1A (similar transformation properties and domains) |
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| What activates the adenovirus E2 gene? |
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| papillomavirus E7 |
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| What is teh function of RB? |
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| retinoblastoma gene controls cell proliferation--it represses transcription |
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| What is the function of p53? |
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| tumor suppressor protein |
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| Under normal cell conditions, are there low levels or high levels of p53? |
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| low |
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| What happens to p53 levels upon DNA damage, cell stress or viral infection? What happens to the cell when this happens? |
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| increases; the cell growth cycle stops |
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| What does papillomavirus protein E6 do to p53 levels? How does this affect the cell? |
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| It lowers p53 levels and allows teh cell cycle to continue into the DNA synthetic phase and to grow |
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| How does E6 lower levels of p53 protein in the cell? |
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| by mediating the ubiquitination of p53 |
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| What does ubiquitination of a protein do? |
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| it targets the protein to a proteosome that then destroy the protein |
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| Is phosphorylated Rb active or inactive? |
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| inactive |
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| What does E2F-1 cellular protein do? |
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| it activated Rb protein to let it repress transcription |
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| How does E7 of HPV interact with Rb/E2F complex? |
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| It boots off E2F-1 protein from teh complex and inactivates Rb protein. Transcription is activated and the cell cycle continues |
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| What diseases are associated with papillomavirus? |
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| skin warts, anogenital condylomas, laryngeal papillomatosis, flat condylomas of uterine cervix, neoplasias of genitalia and anal region, cervical neoplasia associated with HPV 16/18 |
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| anogenital condylomas |
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| can grow to the point that it looks like small cauliflowers |
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| laryngeal papillomatosis |
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| can be transmitted through oral sex |
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| flat condylomas of uterine cervix and warts can.... |
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| be benign |
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| How can condylomas (HPV) be detected if not visible? |
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| low concentration of acetic acid will turn it white/silver |
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| Are all condylomas (HPV) easily detected? |
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| No; there's a lot of subclinical presentation |
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| How can papilloma be diagnosed? |
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| biopsy; visually rarely confused |
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| How can papilloma be treated? (5) |
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| laser, LEEP, freeze w/ liquid N2, alpha/beta leukocyte interferons inhaled or injected, podophyllum topically for skin warts ONLY |
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| Where can a person get warts? |
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| face, finger foot, genitals |
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| Cancers due to HPV include...? |
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| Cervical, penile, colorectal, esophageal |
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| Is JC virus malignant? |
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| It only causes disease (PML) in immunosuppressed; most people have it and are asymptomatic |
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| Where does JCV establish a persistent infection? |
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| kidneys--maybe be able to shut kidneys down; perhaps also establishes infection in bone marrow |
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| Does JCV integrate or is it episomal? |
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| Episomal in nucleus |
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| JC virus causes chronic infection in? It infects where? |
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| kidney; nerve cells |
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| What are the serotypes in HPV vaccine? |
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| 6, 11, 16, 18 |
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| What type of Ig does teh HPV vaccine produce? |
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| IgG |
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| Why does the HPV vaccine protect even though it only produces IgG? |
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| Vagina has transdermal IgG on surface cells |
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| SV40 virus interacts which which? Rb or p53? |
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| both |
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| Adenovirus E1A interacts which which? Rb or p53? |
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| Rb |
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| Adenovirus E1B interacts which which? Rb or p53? |
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| p53 |
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| HPV E6 interacts which which? Rb or p53? |
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| p53 |
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| HPV E7 interacts which which? Rb or p53? |
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| Rb |
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| What's the function of E2F? |
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| to regulate Rb |
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| Is adenovirus icosohedral or helical? envoloped or naked? What's the symmetry? |
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| icosohedral, naked, five fold or seven fold |
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| How can you ID adenovirus? |
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| by gold labeling proteins on teh virions |
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| What is the most abundant protein in adenovirus? |
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| hexon protein |
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| What does core protein in adenovirus do? |
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| associated with the DNA in terms of packaging |
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| What does penton associated protein do? |
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| internalization of adenovirus into cells |
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| What stain stains proteins? |
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| Komasi blue |
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| What is the role of fibers in adenovirus? |
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| involved in attachment |
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| What are human and animal adenovirus groups based on? |
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| serological cross reactions of hexon and penton proteins |
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| What are adenovirus serotypes based on? |
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| serological reactions of the fiber proteins; these vary across animal/human cell type because fiber proteins are important in attachment |
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| What is a molecular method for grouping of adenovirus? |
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| restriction enzyme profiles |
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| What are the genera in Adenoviridae? (2) |
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| Mastadenovirus, Aviadenovirus |
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| What is the type species for the genera Mastadenovirus? |
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| Human adenovirus C |
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| Are there any cross reacting antigens between adenovirus genera? within a genus? |
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| No, yes |
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| How many groups of adenoviruses infect mammals? |
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| 10 |
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| What is canine hepatitis caused by? |
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| a kind of adenovirus |
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| What is the type species for Aviadenovirus? |
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| fowl adenovirus |
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| avi |
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| bird |
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| mast |
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| breast |
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| Can the oropharynx be infected with adenovirus? |
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| yes |
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| Adenovirus serogroups have different kinds of .... in them. |
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| serotypes |
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| T/F. Restriction enzyme is a way to ID different serotypes of adenovirus? |
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| True |
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| Why can some restriction enzymes ID a specific serotype over another and others can't? |
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| Serotypes cut by some restriction enzymes give the same profile. But when cut by another restriction enzyme, you can distinguish the differences between teh serotypes |
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| When does penetration occur in adenovirus? |
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| when pento bases bind to cellular integrins |
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| How does adenovirus adsorb to cell receptors? |
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| using the fail fibers |
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| how many strategies for uncoating does adenovirus have? |
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| 2 |
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| What is inhibited when adenovirus proteins are in a cell? |
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| cellular DNA and protein synthesis; this idea is important in gene therapy |
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| What are the two uncoating strategies of adenovirus nucleic acid? |
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| 1. Penetration of virion core into nuclear pores 2. in a nuclear pocket: uncoating of DNA and release directly into the nucleus |
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| What has circular DNA? |
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| polyomavirus, papilloma virus |
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| Is adenovirus linear or circular? |
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| linear |
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| T/F. semi-conservative replication of adenovirus DNA occurs after late proteins are syntehesized? |
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| no; before |
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| What allows circularization of the adenovirus? What function does circularization have? |
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| terminal redundancy of DNA; it is part of the DNA replication strategy |
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| What do panhandle structures indicate in adenovirus? |
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| inverted terminal repeats |
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| how was the structure of adenovirus DNA determined? |
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| using chemicals and enzymes |
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| What is Type 1 Replication? |
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| a type of replication in adenovirus (can prime from both ends) that ends with with an end product of a double stranded linear DNA and a single stranded DNA w/ inverted repeats |
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| What is Type 2 replication? |
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| A type of replication in adenovirus where the ssDNA w/ inverted repeats is made into dsDNA |
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| How does adenovirus prime for DNA replication? |
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| using a terminal protein with a serine-OH on it that binds to a cytosine-ppp; the terminal protein attaches to the 5' ends |
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| how does parvovirus prime for dna replication? |
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| hairpin structures (formed from the inverted terminal repeats) |
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| how does polyoma/papilloma virus prime for dna replication? |
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| RNA primers |
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| What is E1A in adenovirus needed for? |
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| it's an early transcript needed for subsequent transcription; two transcripts are made from this gene |
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| what is E2B in adenovirus used for? |
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| it's a DNA polymerase |
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| what is E2A in adenovirus used for? |
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| it's a dna binding protein |
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| what are the early transcripts in adenovirus? |
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| T antigens, E1A, E2B, E2A |
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| What adenovirus protein induces apoptosis? which one inhibits apoptosis? |
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| E1A induces apoptosis; E1B inhibits apoptosis (Viruses turn ON E1B) |
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| T/F. E1B has two transcripts made from the gene |
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| True |
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| E1A has functional domains. What are they? What are they involved in? |
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| CR1 and CR2; involved in binding to the Rb family and P300 family |
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| What adenovirus protein parallels the function of HPV E7 protein? How does it do this? |
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| E1A; E1A also re-activates Rb protein (after it had been inactivated by E2F) which allows for transcription to be activated again and the cell cycle to continue |
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| What adenovirus protein parallels the function of HPV E6 protein? How? |
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| E1B; it lowers teh levels of p53 to allow for continuation of the cell cycle |
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| What kinds of proteins are involved in adsorption, penetration, and nuclear localization? |
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| structural |
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| WHo first demonstrated RNA splicing? |
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| ROberts, berk and sharp |
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| When are late viral genes transcribed? |
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| after DNA synthesis |
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| See slide 10.26 about how RNA splicing work |
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| t/f Adenovirus has leftward and rightward transcription. |
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| true |
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| How many late proteins does adenovirus have? What are they involved in? |
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| Five; structural proteins 1. penton 2. core 3. hexon 4. non-virion 5. fiber |
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| Where does adenovirus replicate? What happens to this site |
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| adenoids--they get enlarged; virus also replicated in the |
question
| What is characteristic symptom of adenoid virus"? |
answer
| a very red, very sore throat |
question
| What causes acute hemorrhagic cystitis in males? what are the symptoms? |
answer
| adenovirus; urinary bladder and ureter infection |
question
| what is the adenovirus pathology? |
answer
| enlarged adenoids, sore throat, pertussis-like acute resp. disease, pharyngoconjunctivial fever, folliculr conjunctivitis of eyelids, epidemic keratoconjunctivititis, acute hemorrhagic cystitis, gastrointestinal disease, respiratory diseases, pneumonia |
question
| What group of people get infected w/ adenovirus 4, 7 and sometimes 3? |
answer
| military recruits |
question
| What is very rare, but possible, with adenovirus? |
answer
| encephalitis |
question
| Ad 7 is associated with what in infants and elderly? |
answer
| pneumonia |
question
| What is used to culture non-cultivatable genes? |
answer
| Ad 5 |
question
| What cyptopathology is seen in adenovirus infected cells? |
answer
| rounding, clustering and intranuclear inclusions |
question
| How can intranuclear inclusions in adenovirus be seen? |
answer
| Feulgen staining is positive to excess DNA |
question
| What is one possible reason that tumor formation occurs in adenovirus infection? |
answer
| If the virus is defective and integrates into chromosome (as it does in rodent chromosome) |
question
| Which adenovirus can persist in tonsils and adenoids for years? |
answer
| 1, 2, and 5 |
question
| What is a cause for constant bacterial infection in the tonsils? How can this be treated? |
answer
| Adenovirus infection suppressing the immune system; by taking out the tonsils |
question
| Where does adenovirus occur? In who? |
answer
| Worldwide in humans and animals |
question
| Is adenovirus species specific or can it affect anything? |
answer
| species specific |
question
| What is the pattern of transmission of adenovirus? |
answer
| Epidemic to sporadic; there is a fecal-oral aspect in day cares |
question
| Why are symptoms for adenovirus confusing? |
answer
| They are similar to other bacterial and viral infections i.e. pertussis, sars |
question
| What is the treatment for adenovirus? |
answer
| None currently; beta-interferons might work |
question
| Is there a vaccine for adenovirus? What are some drawbacks? |
answer
| There used to be one for Ad 3, 4, 7, 21 for the military but it was discontinued; spread through contact |
question
| Which adenovirus subparticle inserts naked DNA into the host cell nucleus? |
answer
| VU3 |
question
| Which adenovirus subparticle inserts whole through the nuclear pore? |
answer
| VU4 |
question
| What is not used in grouping adenovirus? |
answer
| Plants |
question
| Is blood used in the clinical detection of adenovirus? |
answer
| No! |
question
| What in the virion structure is specific to only members of Adenoviridae? |
answer
| fibers |
question
| What viruses can cause keratoconjuntivitis? |
answer
| adenovirus and herpesvirus |
question
| 1. Symptoms of adenovirus infection in humans include |
answer
| a. Pink eye b. Pertussis like presentation c. Vesicle blisters on the tonsils d. Lysis of adenoid tissue e. A and B f. C and D |
question
| 2. The most likely group of persons to be involved in adenovirus outbreaks is |
answer
| a. College students b. Nursing home patients c. Military recruits d. Apartment dwellers |
question
| 3. Which of the following is NOT an adsorption factor for phages? |
answer
| a. Nutrients b. Nonenveloped capsid c. Ions d. Phage adsorption structures e. Cell wall receptor site |
question
| 4. Which of the following statements about parvoviruses is false? |
answer
| a. Although parvovirus is dangerous for the fetus, it does not cause abortions in pregnant women b. Viruses included in the parvoviridate family have a genome that contains inverted complementary sequences c. There is no specific means of disease prevention or treatment d. Parvovirus B19 causes a disease called slapped cheek syndrome e. A characteristic symptom of a Parvoviridae family member of viruses is a biphasic rash after viremia 1 |
question
| 5. Which of following is not a symptom of parvovirus? |
answer
| a. Biphasic rash b. Arthritis symptoms c. Flat condylomas d. Pyrexia e. Headache |
question
| 6. Which of the following viruses is associated with an adenovirus which helps its replication? |
answer
| a. Erythrovirus b. Polyomavirus c. Rhinovirus d. Picornavirus e. Dependovirus |
question
| 7. What is the cellular tropism of parvovirus B19? |
answer
| a. Epidermal cells b. Stomach epithelial cells c. Erythroblasts d. Respiratory exchange cells e. Neurons |
question
| 8. What genera does not belong in the Parvoviridae family? |
answer
| a. Dependovirus b. Polyomavirus c. Erythrovirus d. Densovirus e. Parvovirus |
question
| 9. Which of the following is NOT a usual symptom of parvovirus? |
answer
| a. Itching b. Rash c. Arthritis symptoms d. Fever e. Small lesions |
question
| 10. Which of the following is NOT a route of infection for the parvovirus? |
answer
| a. Blood transfusions b. Genital tract c. Transplacental d. Respiratory tract |
question
| 11. Some viruses included in the parvovirus family |
answer
| a. Have all of the characteristic listed b. Have an E7 gene that encodes transforming proteins c. Integrate into chromosome 19 d. Have an envelope e. Cause polyomavirus infection |
question
| 12. Which of the following is false about the replication strategy of viruses in the parvoviridae family? |
answer
| a. There is a sequence specific nick by a nonstructural protein in closed loop DNA b. All of the following are involved in the replication strategy c. Host DNA polymerase uses a 3’ hairpin as a primer d. The viral DNA polymerase uses a special RNA primer for initiation of replication e. There is re-initiation of DNA polymerase during a replication cycle |
question
| nuetralization |
answer
| binding of virus to antibody |
question
| What kind of adenovirus does not complete its replication cycle in mammals? |
answer
| avian adenovirus |
question
| transfection |
answer
| when naked DNA is infectious |
question
| What are the three subfamilies of herpesviridae and their tropism? |
answer
| Alphaherpesvirinae--nuerotropic Betaherpesvirinae--salivary glad Gammaherpesvirinae--lymphotropic |
question
| What are teh genera in the subfamily alphaherpesvirinae? |
answer
| simplexvirus, varicellavirus |
question
| What are the viruses in Simplexvirus? |
answer
| HSV1, HSV 2, B virus, BHV |
question
| What are the viruses in Varicellavirus? |
answer
| varicella zoster virus |
question
| what are teh genera in the subfamily betaherpesvirinae? |
answer
| cytomegalovirus, muromegalovirus, roseolovirus |
question
| what are the genera in the subfamily gammaherpesvrinae? |
answer
| lymphocryptovirus, rhadinovirus |
question
| What genus is Epstein Barr a part of? |
answer
| lympocryptovirus |
question
| what genus is saimiri-ateles a part of? |
answer
| rhadinovirus |
question
| What causes mono? |
answer
| Epstein barr virus |
question
| Is herpesvirus enveloped or naked? helical or icosohedral? |
answer
| enveloped, icosahedral |
question
| how many glycoproteins does herpes virus have? |
answer
| nine |
question
| how many structural proteins does herpes virus genome code for? how many does it actually have |
answer
| 120, 30 |
question
| What is the common family antigen of herpesvirus? |
answer
| it doesn't have one |
question
| what virus family has a tegument? what's the problem with this? |
answer
| herpesvirus; it's amorphous |
question
| what kind of symmetry does herpesvirus have? |
answer
| 2, 3 and 5 fold |
question
| Where is the tegument of herpesvirus located? |
answer
| between the envelope and nucleocapsid |
question
| Is the genome of herpesvirus ds or ss? dna or rna? is the nucleic acid infectious? |
answer
| dsDNA, infectious |
question
| What is special about herpesvirus genome? |
answer
| herpesvirus have unique and repeated DNA sequences that vary with different herpesviruses |
question
| What is a possibility for replication in herpesvirus? |
answer
| replication model is possibly by a rolling ciricle which generates head to tail concatemers |
question
| What binds to heparin sulfate molecules on cell surface? |
answer
| HSV, CMV |
question
| How does penetration occur in herpesvirus? |
answer
| directly or through endocytosis |
question
| How does attachment occur in herpesvirus? |
answer
| glycoprotein on viral envelope attachment or through fusion with cell plasma membrane |
question
| Where does EBV bind on cell surface? |
answer
| complement receptor to B lymphocytes |
question
| Where does uncoating of herpes virus occur? |
answer
| At nuclear pores-->this means that naked DNA is released into the nucleus |
question
| What are the genes that transactivate subsequent viral promoters in herpesviruses? |
answer
| IE1 and IE2 |
question
| What inhibits CMV through a antisense mechanism? How does it work? |
answer
| Fomivirsen; it works by inhibiting IE2 protein synthesis |
question
| Where does uncoating of herpes virus occur? |
answer
| At nuclear pores-->this means that naked DNA is released into the nucleus |
question
| What are the genes that transactivate subsequent viral promoters in herpesviruses? |
answer
| IE1 and IE2 |
question
| What inhibits CMV through a antisense mechanism? How does it work? |
answer
| Fomivirsen; it works by inhibiting IE2 protein synthesis |
question
| What is the function of VHS in herpesvirus? |
answer
| It destablizes and degrade host mRNA immediately |
question
| What is alpha tiff in herpesvirus involved in? |
answer
| turns on early genes in the viral DNA (transactivates) |
question
| What are the beta genes in herpes virus involved in? |
answer
| involved in DNA replication process |
question
| What are the tegument proteins in herpesvirus? |
answer
| alpha tiff and VHS |
question
| What is the function of the gamma proteins in herpesvirus? |
answer
| forming the virion structure of herpesvirus; they are structural proteins and glycoproteins |
question
| When does DNA replication of herpesvirus occur? |
answer
| four hours after infection; it's maximal at 6-8 hrs |
question
| In what virus does limited RNA splicing occur? |
answer
| herpesvirus |
question
| Where is the envelope of herpesvirus acquired? |
answer
| Inner nuclear membrane |
question
| How are viruses released from herpesvirus infected cells? |
answer
| reverse phagocytosis |
question
| In what virus is latency a very common phenonmenon? Is the virus able to be permanently latent? |
answer
| Herpesvirus; yes |
question
| When does latency occur? |
answer
| in persistently infected cells in whihc no infectious virus is formed because the multiplication cycle is stopped at some stage |
question
| What can reactivate herpesvirus from latency? When they are reactivated, where do they replicate? |
answer
| stress, UV light, chemicals; in different cells from where they first infected |
question
| The CNS system gets involved with what viral infection? |
answer
| hsv |
question
| What are some things that allow for latency? |
answer
| highly methylated DNA |
question
| For what herpesvirus is DNA not integrated into the chromosome? |
answer
| HSV |
question
| What causes Burkitt's lymphoma? Is it episomal or integrated? |
answer
| Epstein Barr; it can be either (burkitt's lymphoma is a type of cancer) |
question
| What viruses are present in tumor cells such as cervical carcinoma? |
answer
| herpesvirus, HPV |
question
| See 11.20... |
answer
question
| HSV |
answer
| cold sores, fever, rarely enceophalitis occurs early in life primary infection is 8-10 days some genitalia infections by oral sex latent infection is asymptomatic viral DNA resides in sensory trigeminal ganglia recurrent infections occur when virus replicates and travels down nerve fiber to infect epithelial cells |
question
| HOw many branches are there in the trigeminal nerves? what are they? |
answer
| 3; mandibular nerve, maxillary nerve, opthalmic nerve |
question
| HSV2 |
answer
| sexually transmitted, occasionally oral lesions vesicular eruptions on genetalia of both sexes laten infecion is by virla DNA residing in nerves of lower back (sacral plexus) recurrent infections occur 5 or more times per year pregnant women can transmit HSV2 to child during childbirth |
question
| What is whitlow? |
answer
| herpesvirus infection on fingers |
question
| Which herpesvirus is more likely to have recurrent infections? 1 or 2? |
answer
| 2 |
question
| What is prodome? |
answer
| Nonspecific systems |
question
| What is acyclovir? |
answer
| An antiviral that gets converted into something that stops viral replication DUE to HSV encoded thymidine kinase |
question
| varicella zoster |
answer
| spread by respiratory track even though it is in skin lesions seasonal epidemics as chicken pox systemic infection is a generalized vesicular rash infection cycle is longer than HSV )2-2.5 weeks) disease is more severe in adults recurrent infection is called shingles which is localized to a specific nerve |
question
| does viremia occur in varicella zoster? |
answer
| yes |
question
| Cytomegalovirus (beta virus) |
answer
| infects and causes no obvious disease pregnant women can abore fetus (about 70% carry virus with no problems) transmission by saliva virus is secreted in milk, saliva and semen major problem in immunosuppressed patients |
question
| What two viruses can cause abortion? |
answer
| parvovirus and cytomegalovirus |
question
| What virus can cause blindness? |
answer
| CMV |
question
| With what herpesvirus do you get atypical lymphocytes? |
answer
| cmv, ebv |
question
| what's the incubation period of cmv? |
answer
| 4-8 weeks |
question
| Epstein Barr |
answer
| primary infection causes mono 95% of people over 40 carry this virus no symptoms in children, mono in adults related with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Africa causes burkitt's lymphoma (in AIDS patients) |
question
| Where does burkitt's lymphoma occur? |
answer
| nose |
question
| Beta diseases of herpesvirus |
answer
| HSV6, 7, CMV |
question
| What may be connected with multiple sclerosis? |
answer
| HSV 6 |
question
| What may be connected with Kaposi's sarcoma? |
answer
| HSV 8 |
question
| What causes rush/roseola? |
answer
| HSV 6 |
question
| What herpesvirus has no disease associated with it? |
answer
| HSV 7 |
question
| Serologically, how can you ID EBV? |
answer
| antibodies against EA protein, EBV nuclear antigen, virus capsid antigen |
question
| what is ebv nuclear antigen involved in? |
answer
| maintaining latency |
question
| what is another name for HSV 6? |
answer
| exanthem subitum/rush/roseola |
question
| HSV 6 |
answer
| replication in salivary gland maybe get viremia rash can spread to brain problem with transplant recipients and aids patients |
question
| When comparing HSV 6 and 7, what's different and same? |
answer
| the core region is similar, other regulatory genes vary |
question
| Between what two herpesvirus is a dual infection/cross reaction w/ proteins possible? |
answer
| 6 n 7 |
question
| on a cellular level, what happens to the nucleus in herpes infection? |
answer
| enlarged, intensely staining |
question
| For what herpes virus are the lesions various sizes? Do they happen all at once? |
answer
| chickenpox; no |
question
| for what virus do lesions occur on the tongue? why? |
answer
| hsv1, transgeminal nerve goes there |
question
| what skin disorder can complicate hsv1 symptoms, small pox and vaccinia? |
answer
| eczema |
question
| What virus can reoccur in the eye? |
answer
| hsv |
question
| Can hsv cause encephalitis? |
answer
| yes |
question
| What is the fatality rate for a baby with herpes? |
answer
| 50% |
question
| what virus can cause aids patients to go blind? |
answer
| cmv (retinitis) |
question
| What is a tzank preparation stain for? |
answer
| hsv1/2 |
question
| How many antigens does the family Poxviridae share? |
answer
| One major one, others |
question
| How many subfamilies are there in Poxviridae? What are they? |
answer
| Chorodopoxvirinae, Entomopoxvirinae |
question
| What are the EIGHT genera in Chordopoxvirinae? What are they type species? |
answer
| Orthopoxvirus--Vaccinia virus Parapoxvirus--orf virus Avipoxvirus-fowlpox virus Capripoxvirus--sheeppox virus Leoripoxvirus--myxoma virus suipoxvirus--swinepox virus Molluscipox virus-molluscum contagiosum Yatapoxvirus--yaba monkey tumor virus |
question
| What are the genera in entomopoxvirinae? What are their type spcies? |
answer
| Entomopoxvirus A-Melolontha entomopoxvirus Entomopoxvirus B-amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus Entomopoxvirus C-chrionomus luridus entomopoxvirus |
question
| What is special about entomopoxvirinae? |
answer
| The nucleocapsid is occuluded by spheroidin protein that serves to protect the nucleocapsid in the environment. The spheroidin gene varies by species? |
question
| How many lateral bodies does poxvirus have? |
answer
| one, two or indistinct number |
question
| What is spheroidin? What does it do? |
answer
| an occulusion body in entomopoxvirus that serves to protect nucleocapsid from environment |
question
| Where does poxvirus replicate? What does this mean in terms of what the virions carry? |
answer
| Cytoplasm. The virion includes many enzymes including a transcriptase |
question
| How many proteins does the poxvirus virion have? |
answer
| 100 structural, 100 non-structural |
question
| Describe the components of the poxvirus virion structure. |
answer
| Core, lateral body, pallisade layer, core fibers, surface tubules, core fibrils |
question
| Does pox virus has ssDNA or dsDNA? |
answer
| dsDNA |
question
| Are POXviruses large or small? |
answer
| LARGE |
question
| Where do poxvirus attach to? By what do they attach? |
answer
| attach to epidermal growth factor by VGF protein |
question
| How does penetration occur in poxvirus? |
answer
| receptor mediated endocytosis |
question
| When does DNA synthesis occur in poxvirus? How long is morphogenesis? |
answer
| by four to five hours after infection; a day |
question
| How does release occur in poxvirus? |
answer
| when cell disintegrates or exocytosis |
question
| Do pox viruses have an envelope? |
answer
| yes |
question
| Where do pox virus get their envelope? |
answer
| some get it at the golgi |
question
| What proteins in poxvirus have to be expressed before the virion can be fully uncoated in the cytoplasm? |
answer
| immediate early mRNA proteins |
question
| What proteins in poxvirus are expressed after immediate early mRNA proteins and what is their function? |
answer
| delayed early mRNA proteins are involved in DNA replication membrane biogenesis |
question
| What does uncoating of the poxvirus core require? |
answer
| a virion RNA polymerase to transcribe the vaccinia DNA |
question
| What amount of DNA is transcribed as early genes in the core before DNA synthesis in poxvirus? |
answer
| 1/3 |
question
| How are cytoplasmic factoriess for virus mulitiplication and MOI related in poxvirus? |
answer
| they're proportional |
question
| What are cytoplasmic factories for? |
answer
| DNA replication |
question
| What does poxvirus bring in that's needed for uncoating? (iow, what's in the virion) |
answer
| virion RNA polymerase |
question
| When are late genes transcribed in poxvirus? How many genomes are synthesized per cell in poxvirus? |
answer
| after DNA synthesis; 10k |
question
| What viruses generate concatamers? |
answer
| herpesvirus, poxvirus |
question
| What viruses have inverted repeats? |
answer
| adenovirus, parvovirus, poxvirus |
question
| What about DNA replication in POXvirus is unique? |
answer
| the DNA termini are covalently linked! they have either a S or F configuration that are almost identical and the termini have inverted repeats within. |
question
| how are concatemers linked in poxvirus? |
answer
| a nick polymerize flop mechanism |
question
| Is the vaccina viral DNA long or short? |
answer
| Long |
question
| What's an example of an abnormal linkage in Vaccinia viral DNA? |
answer
| 5' T and 3' T that are covalently linked |
question
| What size are the tandem repeats in vaccinia viral dna? |
answer
| about 70 bp |
question
| When purified poxvirus dna is denatured, what do you get? |
answer
| a single stranded huge dna molecule |
question
| How is poxvirus DNA replication similar to parvovirus? |
answer
| nicking and extension by forming back concatamers that'll have to be cut |
question
| How is poxvirus DNA replication similar to adenovirus? |
answer
| a ds stranded molecule and a ss molecule is made (priming on ssdna as well) |
question
| How is pox virus DNA replication started? |
answer
| First the termini are denatured and then a SINGLE STRAND SPECIFIC NUCLEASE will cleave the ends |
question
| Poxvirus DNA replication has similarities to what two other viruses? |
answer
| adenovirus and parvovirus |
question
| Aside from the DNA, core and envelope, what is a part of the poxvirus virion? |
answer
| RNA polymerase transcription factor capping enzyme poly (A) polymerase |
question
| What do early mRNA in poxvirus code for? |
answer
| Growth factors to help cells proliferate, immune defense molecules, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, nuclear factors |
question
| Where does poxvirus replicate and uncoat? |
answer
| the cytoplasm |
question
| What "late" proteins become a part of the poxvirus virion? |
answer
| late enzymes, early transcription factors, structural proteins |
question
| define concatameric DNA |
answer
| multiple copies head to tail end of DNA that need to be cut and resolved |
question
| How is the envelope for poxvirus obtained? |
answer
| wrapping in the Golgi apparatus |
question
| See 12.19/20 |
answer
question
| What two viruses have complications when combined with eczema? |
answer
| herpesvirus and vaccinia |
question
| What is variola major? |
answer
| a generalized infection with pustular rash of same size and time of apperance on the body |
question
| what is the mortality rate of variola major? variola minor? monkeypox? |
answer
| 10-25%, 1%; 15% |
question
| What's a drawback of vaccinia vaccination? |
answer
| it can cause disease; i.e. encephalitis |
question
| What is cowpox? |
answer
| localized ulcerating infection of skin from cows or cats |
question
| What are milker's nodes? |
answer
| trivial localized nodular infection of hands acquired from cows |
question
| Who inocculated people early on? |
answer
| guy named Jenner |
question
| What is the physical repuercussion of the small pox vaccine? |
answer
| scabbing |
question
| What is unfortunate about the scab formed by pox vaccination? |
answer
| There are viable virions in the scab |
question
| For what virus can one auto-inoculate? |
answer
| Smallpox |
question
| T/F. are there antivirals that can be used against vaccinia? |
answer
| true |
question
| What is vaccinia necrosom? |
answer
| a secondary bacterial infection that spreads when one has the pox |
question
| Why can't children be around people who have recently gotten vaccinated or had pox? |
answer
| It can spread to them and they don't react very well |
question
| What is vaccinia progressive? |
answer
| when someone (i.e. infant) is unable to mount an effective immune response |
question
| When did the global eradication of smallpox begin? |
answer
| 1967 |
question
| What is molluscum contagiosum? |
answer
| a disease that presents with single or multiple benign rounded, dome shaped waxy papules in skin that can be sexually transmitted and confined to the penis, pubic and inner thighs |
question
| What is the treatment for molluscum contagiosum? |
answer
| liquid nitrogen |
question
| In what group is infection with molluscum contagiosum common? |
answer
| AIDS patients and daycares |
question
| what virus family causes molluscum contagiosum? |
answer
| poxviridae |
question
| What can be said about molluscum contagiosum lesions? |
answer
| they can be infectioius |
question
| Where do molluscum contagiosum lesions occur? |
answer
| face and neck |
question
| What body liquid can transmit molluscum contagiousum? |
answer
| saliva |
question
| What is typical of small pox vesicles? |
answer
| indentation, evenly and widely distributed, arrive all at once |
question
| Why did milk-maids rarely get disfigured due to small pox? |
answer
| They would get milker's nodule from cows and have a level of resistance to smallpox |
question
| What are the dsDNA viruses that are pathogenic to insects? |
answer
| baculoviridae, iridoviridae, poxviridae, ascoviridae, polydnaviridae |
question
| What dsDNA viruses are specific to insects? |
answer
| ascoviridae, polydnaviridae |
question
| what ssDNA virus is pathogenic to insects? |
answer
| parvoviridae |
question
| What are the dsRNA viruses pathogenic to insects? |
answer
| reoviridae, birnaviridae |
question
| What are the positive strang ssRNA viruses that are pathogenic to insects? |
answer
| picornaviridae, tetraviridae, nodaviridae |
question
| What negative ssRNA virus is pathogenic to insects? |
answer
| Rhabdoviridae |
question
| What virus is used as a biological pesticide? |
answer
| baculovirus |
question
| What virus is genetically engineered to produce large quantities of inserted gene products? |
answer
| baculovirus |
question
| In baculovirus, what protein surrounds and protects the nucleocapsid? |
answer
| polyhedrin |
question
| Is baculovirus nucleic acid ds/ss, rna/dna? envelope or no? |
answer
| dsDNA, enveloped |
question
| At what pH is baculovirus soluble in insect gut? |
answer
| 10 |
question
| In baculovirus, what surrounds the nucleocapsid? |
answer
| a protein matrix (occlusion body) |
question
| What two viruses have covalently closed DNA? |
answer
| baculovirus and poxvirus |
question
| What two viruses have a tegument? |
answer
| baculovirus, herpesvirus |
question
| What virus has multiple layers in its envelope? |
answer
| baculovirus |
question
| What are the genera in baculovirus? |
answer
| nucleopolyhedrovirus, granulovrisu |
question
| In the genus nucleopolyhedrovirus, how many enveloped nucleocapsids are there per occulsion body? in granulovirus? |
answer
| multiple; one |
question
| What does single NPV mean? |
answer
| one nucleocapsid per envelope |
question
| What does multiple NPV mean? |
answer
| various numbers of nucleocapsids per envelope |
question
| The genus nucleopolyhedrovirus can be divided into what two groups? |
answer
| single npv and multiple npv |
question
| When was smallpox eradicated worldwide? |
answer
| 1977 |
question
| How is baculovirus purified? |
answer
| using a sucrose gradient |
question
| What is the process for baculovirus purification? |
answer
| crush up bug,put on sucrose gradient, take out the polyhedra band and run it on a different sucrose gradient after treating it w/ alkali. |
question
| What do the number of bands on a sucrose gradient mean for baculovirus? |
answer
| the band correspond to the various #s of enveloped nucleocapsids purified from MNPV |
question
| Since when have baculovirus been known? |
answer
| 1500s by a guy named Vita who talked about diseases of silkworm; Pastuer also did some work with it |
question
| In the 50s, in the US, what were baculovirus used for? |
answer
| More effective than DDT to kill some bug on pine tree |
question
| Have there been commercial application of baculovirus in Fl? |
answer
| Not widely |
question
| Is there a commercial component to using viruses pathogenic to insects? what's the problem with this? |
answer
| yes; lowering the cost/giving good yield to stockholders vs. cheap pesticides |
question
| in what continent have viruses been used more effective commercially? since when? |
answer
| south america, 1979 |
question
| In what crop have baculovirus increased yield versus the yield with a chemical treatment? |
answer
| soybean |
question
| What are some considerations for chemicals and viruses in commercial use? |
answer
| i.e. does it affect something else? for example, diflubenzole kills insects effectively but also shrimp because it breaks down chitin |
question
| Which virus has two forms? What are these two forms? |
answer
| Baculovirus; non-occluded and occuluded |
question
| Around what time does polyhedra formation occur in baculovirus? |
answer
| 24 to 48 hours |
question
| What purpose does polyhedra formation have? (iow, why have this occulded form) |
answer
| vector the virus between insects and the environments; occulsion protects against sunlight and rain |
question
| What's the difference between the occluded and non occluded form? |
answer
| the occluded form has polyhedra |
question
| Where do granulovirus release dna? IOW: how does uncoating work for these? |
answer
| at nuclear pore |
question
| where do nucleopolyhedrovirus release dna?IOW: how does uncoating work for these? |
answer
| inside the nucleus |
question
| What receptors do the non-occulded baculovirus glycoproteins attach to? |
answer
| unknown |
question
| where does both granulovirus and nucleopolyhedrovirus replicate? |
answer
| in nucleus of insect cell |
question
| how does penetration occur in baculovirus? |
answer
| receptor mediated endocytosis or fusion |
question
| Early genes in baculovirus do what? |
answer
| transactivate late genes |
question
| What do late genes in baculovirus code for? |
answer
| structural proteins |
question
| What are the different ways in which the envelopes are acquired in baculovirus? |
answer
| de novo peri-nuclear (this membrane MAY be lost in cytoplasm) plasma membrane |
question
| How does the enveloped nuclear capsid of baculovirus interact w/ intestinal microvilli in insect gut? |
answer
| fusion of ENC to microvilli membrane |
question
| Where does nucleocapsid formation occur in baculovirus? |
answer
| nucleus |
question
| For what virus, does the virion sometimes get stuck in teh nucleus? |
answer
| baculovirus |
question
| Is polyhedron an early or late gene? |
answer
| very late gene |
question
| what is gp64? |
answer
| glycoprotein of non-occluded virus |
question
| What baculovirus transcription factor bind to host RNA polymerase II? |
answer
| IE1 |
question
| What's the only virus discussed that shows de novo assembly of envelope? |
answer
| envelope acquisition |
question
| how can the virulence/titer of infectious baculovirus be deteremined? |
answer
| plaque assay end point dilution bioassay SN: These are general for most viruses |
question
| What kind of plaque does baculovirus give? |
answer
| positive |
question
| Why can bioassays be done for baculovirus? |
answer
| because insercts are invertebrates |
question
| How is end point dilution measured? |
answer
| by the mean of the tissue culture infectious dose; the viral inoculum are added to microtiter wells and after a week, check the cells that are infected |
question
| see slide 13/21 |
answer
question
| What is the most used expression vector? |
answer
| baculoviruses |
question
| What gene has been genetically engineered? |
answer
| polyhedrin |
question
| What happens when you mutate polyhedrin? |
answer
| get infectious non occluded viruses; iow: not needed for replication cycle and can be replaced w/ another gene |
question
| How can polyhedrin be replced? |
answer
| site directed mutogenesis |
question
| Steps of site directed mutogenesis |
answer
| 1. Clone a gene into a plasmid 2. Cut the cloned DNA w/ restriction enzyme at one site so an exconuclease (exo 3) to get a blunt ended molecule 3. Ligase 4. put back into bacteria 5. purify 6. other experiments (i.e. mix w/ viral genome for recombination) |
question
| What's a cytopathic effect of baculovirus? |
answer
| enlarged nucleus, smaller cytoplasm, polyhedra in nucleus |
question
| What virus has phosphoproteins? |
answer
| baculovirus |
question
| cells infected with baculovirus can be labeled with what? |
answer
| radioactive methionine |
question
| The amount of baculovirus specific protein being made in the cell varies with what two factors? |
answer
| time and MOI |
question
| T/F. Polyhedrin is not needed for baculovirus replication |
answer
| true |
question
| What size is one of the major glycoproteins? Why is it special? |
answer
| 6kD; labeled with three different precursers |
question
| rev endn of baculo |
answer
