vet assistant- anatomy and physiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Cells are
answer
the basic structural and functional units of life
question
epithelial tissue
answer
covers the interior and exterior surfaces of the body, lines body cavities, and forms glands
question
4 basic types of tissue
answer
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
question
connective tissue
answer
holds the different tissues together and provides support
question
7 main types of connective tissue
answer
adipose, loose, dense, elastic, cartilage, bone, and blood.
question
adipose connective tissue
answer
acts as a storage depot for fat, excess nutrients
question
bone
answer
second hardest substance in the body (tooth enamel is harder)
question
tooth enamel
answer
hardest substance in the body
question
types of bones (5)
answer
long, flat, small, irregular, sesamoid
question
Long bone examples
answer
humerus and femur
question
flat bone examples
answer
skull and pelvis
question
small bones examples
answer
carpal and tarsal
question
irregular bones example
answer
vertebrae
question
sesamoid bones example
answer
patella
question
patella (kneecap) is
answer
the largest sesamoid bone
question
foramen
answer
hole in a bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
question
axial skeleton
answer
located on the axis or midline of the body, that includes the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum
question
appendicular skeleton
answer
composed of the bones of the limbs
question
forelimb (front legs)
answer
thoracic limb
question
hindlimb (back legs)
answer
pelvic limb
question
thoracic limb bones from proximal to distal
answer
scapula, humerus, radius and ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges
question
pelvic limb bones from proximal to distal
answer
pelvis, femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges
question
phalanges
answer
the bones of the digits
question
3 types of joints
answer
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
question
fibrous joints
answer
immovable (skull bones)
question
cartilaginous joints
answer
slightly movable (pelvis, vertebrae)
question
synovial joints
answer
freely movable (elbow, knee)
question
integument
answer
outer covering (skin, hair, claws)
question
epidermis
answer
superficial epithelial layer (top layer)
question
dermis
answer
deeper connective tissue layer
question
hypodermis or subcutis
answer
layer of loose connective tissue just below the dermis
question
subcutaneous injection
answer
administered into the hypodermis layer by lifting a fold of skin
question
3 types of blood vessels
answer
arteries, capillaries, and veins
question
arteries
answer
carry O2 enriched blood away from the heart to the capillaries
question
veins
answer
carry CO2 enriched blood to the heart
question
capillaries
answer
where substances (O2 and nutrients) are exchanged between the blood and body cells
question
CO2 blood
answer
blue
question
O2 blood
answer
pink
question
circulation of blood through the heart
answer
(deoxygenated blood) superior and inferior vena -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery-> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium-> left ventricle -> aorta -> rest of the body (oxygenated blood)
question
plasma
answer
fluid portion of blood
question
diastole
answer
relaxation of the heart
question
systole
answer
contraction of the heart
question
one heartbeat
answer
diastole and systole
question
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
answer
Erythrocytes
question
the protein hemoglobin
answer
gives erythrocytes their red color
question
white blood cells (wbc)
answer
leukocytes
question
blood is
answer
a connective tissue
question
phagocytosis
answer
cell eating
question
primary function of the respiratory system
answer
exchange of O2 for CO2
question
secondary function of the respiratory system
answer
vocalization
question
upper respiratory tract
answer
consists of the nose, tongue, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea (and esophagus)
question
pharynx
answer
throat
question
larynx
answer
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
question
trachea
answer
windpipe, carries air from the larynx to the lungs
question
epiglottis
answer
(at the junction of the pharynx and larynx) a flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing
question
Anatomy is the study of
answer
body structure
question
physiology is the study of
answer
body function
question
knee joint
answer
stifle
question
lower respiratory tract
answer
trachea, bronchi (left and right bronchus), broncial tree, alveolar duct, alveolar sac (cluster of alveoli)
question
thorax
answer
chest cavity, has negative pressure to keep lungs inflated
question
alveolus (plural: alveoli)
answer
an air sac in the lungs, where gas exchange occurs
question
inspiration
answer
drawing O2 air in, inhaling
question
expiration
answer
breathing out CO2 rich air, exhale
question
diaphragm
answer
Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing and separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
question
digestive system
answer
alimentary system
question
4 parts of the alimentary system
answer
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
question
4 types of teeth
answer
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
question
chyme
answer
mixture of stomach fluids and food produced in the stomach by contracting stomach muscles
question
accessory digestive organs
answer
salivary glands, pancreas, liver
question
liver
answer
largest gland in the body
question
nervous system
answer
controls conscious and subconscious functions of the body
question
colon
answer
large intestine- food is now waste, all nutrients taken out
question
rectum
answer
collects waste until there's enough to defecate thru the anus
question
3 types of the nervous system
answer
Central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system
question
CNS
answer
consists of the brain and spinal cord (2 organs)
question
peripheral nervous system
answer
nerves outside the CNS that run throughout the rest of the body
question
autonomic nervous system
answer
the self governing portion of the nervous system- sympathetic system and parasympathetic system
question
sympathetic system
answer
fight or flight
question
parasympathetic
answer
rest and restore
question
3 types of muscle
answer
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
question
skeletal muscle
answer
voluntary, ex: legs, arms
question
smooth muscle
answer
involuntary muscle found in internal organs, ex: uterus, stomach
question
cardiac muscle
answer
Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.
question
2 types of senses
answer
general and special
question
general senses
answer
visceral sensations, touch, temperature, pain, proprioception
question
old dog vesibular syndrome
answer
equilibrium off- inner ear gets messed up. tilted head, can't stand up, nystagmus (uncontrollable movement of the eyes)
question
special senses
answer
taste/gustatory, smell/olfactory, hearing/auditory, equilibrium/vestibular, vision/visual
question
vestibular sense
answer
mechanical sense that monitors equilibrium or balance and head position
question
proprioception
answer
perception of body position (test for-laying dog on side, flipping back foot)
question
visceral sensations
answer
hunger, thirst, hollow organ fullness
question
pinna
answer
ear flap
question
ear drum
answer
tympanic membrane
question
parts of the eye
answer
pupil, iris, sclera, nictitating membrane, cilia, cornea
question
nicititating membrane
answer
third eyelid, helps to protect
question
cornea membrane
answer
the transparent outer covering of the visual part of the eye, keeps everything in place
question
medial canthus
answer
inner corner of the eye by the nose
question
lateral canthus
answer
outer corner of eye
question
glands of the endocrine system
answer
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
question
pancreas
answer
lies by small intestines- produces insulin and glucagon
question
gonads
answer
sex cell producing organs- male= testes; female= ovaries
question
parts of the urinary system/renal system
answer
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra
question
main function of the reproductive system
answer
maintain the species
question
thyroid gland
answer
neck area, regulates metabolism and responsible for growth
question
adrenal glands
answer
sit above kidneys
question
kidneys
answer
filtering system, takes out toxins from the blood, creates urine
question
prepuce
answer
foreskin; fold of skin covering the tip of the penis
question
uterus (womb)
answer
U shaped, the reason cats and dogs can have many babies
question
male reproductive system
answer
testes, scrotum, penis
question
female reproductive system
answer
ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva
question
estrous cycle
answer
heat cycle in female dogs
question
estrus
answer
true heat- when the female will accept the male
question
Intact female dog
answer
bitch
question
intact female cat
answer
queen
question
spontaneous ovulators
answer
mating causes ovulation (always in heat)
question
seasonally monestrous
answer
female dog heat cycles
question
aminiotic sac
answer
sac that an embryo develops within
question
gestation
answer
fertilization to birth or delivery
question
parturition
answer
act of giving birth
question
welp, welping
answer
dog birth
question
colostrum
answer
initial secretion of breast milk, important to transferring antibodies from mother to baby. lasts only a few hours after birth.
question
sensory nerves
answer
carry only information toward the central nervous system
question
neuron
answer
a nerve cell, the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system
question
average gestation for dogs and cats
answer
60 days
