UTSA Garza – History of Psychology Final – Flashcards
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What did Pavlov's work establish?
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Demonstrated in detail how a study could take place. Pavlov's work on conflict and the typology of nervous systems were to strongly influence subsequent work on abnormal behavior, conflict, frustration, and aggression.
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What were Bekhterev's beliefs regarding psychological activity?
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If it exists it must manifest itself in overt behavior; therefore, "the spiritual sphere" can be bypassed by simply studying behavior.
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According to Watson, what was the goal of psychology?
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The theoretical goal is prediction and control of behavior.
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What did Watson do to "Little Albert?"
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Elicited fear in a child. He scared the child as it grabbed for the rat until it became scared of the rat and later all white fluffy things.
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Whose work is regarded as an important antecedent of behaviorism?
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Russian Objective Psychologists. Pavlov and Bechterev.
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Thorndike's "Law of Effect."
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If an association is followed by a satisfying state of affairs it will be strengthened, if it is followed by an annoying state of affairs it will be weakened.
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How does Gestalt psychology define learning?
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Insightful learning. We use trial and error until we reach cognitive insight to solve a problem in the environment. We then operate using that insight from now on.
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How did Thorndike define reinforcement?
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Reinforcement strengthens behavior
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According to Hull, what must follow a response for learning to take place?
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Decrease in drive-reduction and an increase in habit strength constitutes learning.
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Who introduced the concept of intervening variables into psychology?
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Tolman
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According to Tolman, how does "learning" take place?
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Learning occurs constantly, with or without reinforcement and with or without motivation.
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Based on research with the three-pathway maze experiment, how did Tolman explain learning?
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Animals form a hypothesis about which way to go. They ponder (vicarious trial and error). If their action is confirmed, they will develop an expectancy. If that is consistently confirmed, the animal will develop a belief.
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Who influenced Skinner?
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Pavlov and Watson
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How did Skinner define a reinforcer?
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The rate of that response increases. Reinforcement can be identified only through its effects on behavior.
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What was Skinner's recommendation for decreasing undesirable behavior?
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By negative reinforcement, that is not giving any reinforcement at all. In other words, ignore it.
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What were the basic principles of the Skinnerian version of behavior therapy?
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People learn abnormal behaviors in the same way they learn normal behaviors. Therefore "treatment" is a matter of removing the reinforcers that are maintaining the undesirable behavior and arranging reinforcement contingencies so that they strengthen desirable behaviors.
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Compare Hull and Skinner on what constitutes reinforcement?
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For Hull, a biological need creates a drive in the organism, and the diminution of this drive constitutes reinforcement. Skinner states that reinforcement is the rate of that response increases. OR (pg 420) Skinner exemplifies radical behaviorism because he believed that behavior could be completely explained in terms of events external to the organism. For Skinner, the environment selects behavior via reinforcement contingencies. What goes on within the organism is relatively unimportant. In contrast, Hull exemplified methodological behaviorism because he postulated a wealth of events that were supposed to intervene between experience and behavior.
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According to Miller and Dollard, what takes place in matched-dependent behavior?
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Modeling of behavior does not take place unless the observer imitates the model's behavior and is rewarded for doing so.
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How does Bandura explain vicarious reinforcement?
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Occurs when the frequency of certain behaviors increases as a result of observing others rewarded for the same behavior.
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What did Bandura's Bobo Doll studies show?
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Showed that behavior approaches to learning did not fully explain modeling.
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According to Bandura, when is direct reinforcement needed?
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Direct reinforcement is superior in maintaining learned behaviors over long periods of time.
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What are three underlying components of Self-Regulation and why do they resemble early notions of the role of introspection?
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1) Self-observation- know thyself! This requires the act of looking at yourself and knowing the intentions and consequences of your actual behaviors. 2) Judgment- we tend to compare ourselves to a standard, which could be some external standard (expectations or traditions) or arbitrary "personal" standards 3) Self Response- positive responses usually follow from doing well compared to a standard and negative responses from not doing well.
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How did Bandura explain self-reinforcement?
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It is better than punishment Self-regulation requires the act of looking at yourself honestly and knowing the intentions and consequences of your actual behavior, this includes patters of self-reinforcement.
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What is the ultimate cause of behavior according to most psychoanalytic theories?
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Behavior stems from the unconscious?
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According to Freud, which defense mechanism is central to all cultural advances?
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Sublimination
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What is the term used to describe the psychoanalytic relationship between the analyst and the patient?
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Therapeutic Alliance
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According to Adler what is the process employed by us to adjust to a weakness in one part of his or her body by developing strengths in other parts?
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Compensation
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How are the superiority complex and the inferiority complex both different and alike?
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Both are used because a person has a weakness or inferiority. Both are related to overcompensation. A person feels inferior so they overcompensate. A person feels inferior so they overcompensate and seek superiority by making others seem even more inferior.
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According to Adler, what is the main ingredient for a truly effective lifestyle?
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Social interest
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Unlike other psychoanalysts, what did Horney emphasize regarding the shaping of personality and neurotic proclivities?
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Parent/child relationship
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How did Horney explain the relentless drive for total perfection?
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"Tyranny of the shoulds"; You must break out of this neurosis to actualize your potential.
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How did Horney counter Freud's ideas of female penis envy?
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Womb envy: men are envious of women's ability to have children.
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According to Horney, what was the cause of women's sense of inferiority?
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The only inferiority that women have to men has nothing to do with penis envy it has to do with how they are treated inferior to men in our culture.
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For Jung, which process or construct was not central to the archetype of the shadow?
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Ego? Because it is its opposite
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What is the role of symbols in Jungian psychotherapy?
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Has to do with the unconscious and our collective unconscious. Infinite knowledge repository via our unconscious through symbolism.
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According to Jung, what generally causes personal maladjustment?
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One-sidedness: not knowing your shadow.
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What was Maslow's most profound contribution to psychology?
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Credit for legitimizing humanistic principles in psychology. Also Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
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What was Rogers' fundamental hypothesis in formulating his client-centered therapy?
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Postulated an innate human drive toward self-actualization, and believed that if people use this actualizing tendency as a frame of reference in living their lives there is a strong likelihood that they will live fulfilling lives and ultimately reach their potential.
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In Roger's system, when the rift between the organism and the self becomes too great what condition results?
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Incongruent person
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What are the basic concepts that describe the most existential psychologists?
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Free will, humans must be studied as a whole, humans are unique, living an authentic life is best, human nature is essentially neutral
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The two primary divisions within existentialism are represented by which two philosophical giants?
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Theists and atheists
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What is authentic living?
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The types of life that is freely chosen and not dictated by the values of others. In such a life, one's own feelings, values, and interpretations act as a guide for conduct. To truly accept life, we must accept death
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Although all existentialists deal with the question of existence, who is credited for having framed the question most explicitly?
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Heidegger
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According to Ludwig Binswanger, What is the goal of Existential Psychology?
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To go from being in the world to being beyond the world with the ultimate goal of achieving a healthy mental state in which we learn how to transform our circumstances with free will.
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Which modern existentialist addresses the difference between religious theology and existential theology?
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Rollo May
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Which of the four existential stages outlined by Rollo May addresses adolescent development of ego by rebelling against authority?
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Rebellion: adolescent development of ego.
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What were the existentialist's beliefs regarding the concept of the unconscious?
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All consciousness is intentional in nature.
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Which of Nietzsche's proclamation is accepted by most existentialists?
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What does not kill me makes me stronger.
