question

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 enable federal officials to do?

answer

register voters

question

In which region did the highest concentration of riots occur?

answer

Northeast

question

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination in which activity?

answer

selling or renting a home

question

Which of the following is not associated with the Black Power movement?

answer

the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

question

*Do you think white people would have responded to the song "We Shall Not Be Moved" in the same way as they responded to "Move On Over"? Which song do you think Stokely Carmichael would have preferred in 1966? Write a brief essay in response to these questions, citing examples and evidence from the three documents. You may use the back of this paper or a separate sheet for your essay. (8 points)

answer

Whites would probably have felt more uneasy listening to "Move On Over"(Document 2)because of the hostile tone expressed in the chorus, the references to John Brown, and denunciations of whites in lines such as "You're the killers of the dream." "We Shall Not Be Moved"(Document 1), on the other hand, conveys patient determination, speaks of blacks and whites cooperating, and is thus less threatening. Carmichael, who came to endorse black power, would probably approve more of "Move On Over" because it uses "the words [blacks] want to use-not just the words whites want to hear"(Document 3)

question

*Explain some of the most important factors that led to the development of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Think About: - economic gains made by African Americans during World War II - participation of African Americans in the war - early efforts by civil rights organizations - early successes in the courts

answer

World War II created opportunities for African Americans that they were unwilling to give up after the war ended. Many African-American soldiers returned from World War II determined to fight for their own freedom. The groundwork for a civil rights movement was laid by organizations that, during the war, fought against Jim Crow laws and voting restrictions. The NAACP adopted a successful strategy for fighting for civil rights in the courts. The most important victory was the Supreme Court's ground-breaking decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which finally declared separate schools for blacks unconstitutional. This important blow to de jure segregation helped strengthen the efforts of civil rights organizations

question

How many injuries resulted from race riots across the nation in 1967?

answer

1, 897

question

Martin Luther King, Jr., was a founder and the first president of the ___.

answer

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

question

*Summarize Carmichael's message in this passage in one sentence.

answer

It is time for African Americans to stop asking whites for equality and start demanding it

question

Which region had only one major disturbance?

answer

South

question

Which of the following is an example of de facto segregation?

answer

a concentration of urban African Americans in slum areas

question

According to the map key, which of the following is not involved in a "major disturbance"?

answer

picketing

question

*What is the distinction between a major and minor disturbance, according to the map key?

answer

A major disturbance lasted several days and required state or federal troops plus local police to restore order. A minor disturbance lasted less than a day and was controlled by local police

question

What does a small dot on the map stand for?

answer

a minor disturbance

question

*Why do you think the writer of this song refers several times to John Brown, the well-known abolitionist who was active before the Civil War?

answer

The writer admires Brown's militancy and thinks it is time for black Americans to follow his model by being more aggressive in fighting for freedom, because injustice still exists in "each city, town and state."

question

In Brown v. Board of Education, the doctrine of ___ relating to public education was finally overturned.

answer

"separate but equal"

question

Appealing to many African Americans' anger and frustration over a lack of social and economic power, ___ preached a militant approach to civil rights.

answer

Malcolm X

question

One accomplishment of the ___ was bringing about a federal ban on segregation in all interstate travel facilities.

answer

freedom riders

question

*What did the civil rights movement accomplish? Would you describe the movement as a success? Explain. Think About: - political gains - social and economic gains

answer

The civil rights movement brought about important political gains. It eliminated de jure segregation: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 made literacy tests and poll taxes illegal, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ended discrimination in housing. In addition, millions of African Americans were registered to vote, and more blacks were elected to political office. Social and economic gains were more elusive. In the late 1960s, African Americans still faced housing and job discrimination, unequal schools because of white flight to the suburbs, and a poverty rate much higher than whites. The movement, however, did lead to affirmative action programs designed to equalize education and job opportunities. Nonviolent protests led by Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as his personal integrity and philosophy, inspired many whites to sympathize with African Americans. The movement also brought many blacks and whites together to work toward common goals. Students who describe the movement as a success may say that the legal and political advances represented a great leap forward, since no civil rights legislation had been passed since Reconstruction. Those who disagree may stress that much remains to be accomplished in realms of education, job opportunity, and income equality

question

*According to Stokely Carmichael, what has been going on for too many years?

answer

Black Americans have marched, or demonstrated peacefully, and have had their heads broken and gotten shot

question

De jure segregation is segregation that results from ___.

answer

laws

question

Which of the following was not advocated by the Black Panthers?

answer

nonviolence

question

veteran who became the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi

answer

James Meredith

question

president who demanded that Congress pass a sweeping civil rights law but did not live to see it enacted

answer

John F. Kennedy

question

activist whose protest helped spark the Montgomery bus boycott

answer

Rosa Parks

question

NAACP lawyer who argued the Brown v. Board of Education case before the Supreme Court

answer

Thurgood Marshall

question

president who ordered soldiers to protect African-American students trying to integrate a white high school in Little Rock, Arkansas

answer

Dwight D. Eisenhower

question

civil rights leader and minister who believed deeply in the power of nonviolent protest

answer

Martin Luther King, Jr.

question

Black Muslim leader who urged blacks to separate from white society

answer

Malcolm X

question

civil rights leader who became impatient with nonviolence and called for "Black Power"

answer

Stokely Carmichael

question

president who appointed a committee to study the causes of urban violence

answer

Lyndon B. Johnson

question

spokesperson for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the 1964 Democratic Convention

answer

Fannie Lou Hamer

question

What was the main type of pressure exerted by the Montgomery Improvement Association in response to segregation on buses?

answer

economic

question

A major turning point in the civil rights movement was marked by ___.

answer

the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

question

*Explain some of the most important factors that led to the development of a Black Power movement in the mid-1960s. Think About: - de jure segregation versus de facto segregation - gains African Americans had made by the mid-1960s - the treatment of African Americans by law officers in Northern cities - how Johnson's Great Society programs lost funding to the Vietnam War

answer

As gains were made in fighting de jure segregation in the South, the civil rights movement began to focus on the de facto segregation of the North. De facto segregation was, in many ways, harder to overcome because it involved changing people's attitudes and tackling the huge issue of economic inequality. The gains made in some areas of African-American life made urban blacks impatient for further necessary changes. Urban blacks often witnessed or were subjected to brutal treatment by the largely white police forces in their neighborhoods. President Johnson's Great Society program, which would have helped impoverished blacks, lost funding to the Vietnam War

question

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made segregation illegal in which of the following?

answer

public accommodations

question

*Identify at least FOUR gains or accomplishments of the civil rights and Black Power movements.

answer

Gave many African Americans an increased pride in their racial identity; led to new college programs in African-American history and literature; led to more appearances of African Americans in movies and on TV; brought about the end of de jure segregation to a large degree; led to the passage of civil rights laws; increased many Americans' awareness of de facto segregation and its consequences led to integration of educational facilities and significant increases in the number of African Americans who finished high school and went to college; brought about a significant increase in the number of registered African-American voters; brought about a significant increase in the number of elected African-American officials; encouraged the growth of affirmative action programs

question

According to the Kerner Commission, what was the main cause of urban violence?

answer

white racism

question

*Identify TWO reasons that a strong willingness to fight and sacrifice for civil rights developed among many Americans during the late 1950s and early 1960s.

answer

World War II created new opportunities for African Americans that they were not willing to give up after the war ended. Many African-American soldiers returned from World War II determined to fight for their own freedom. The groundwork for a civil rights movement was laid by organizations that fought for civil rights during the war. President Kennedy called on Americans to become activists for progress. According to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., African Americans had simply become weary of racism. The NAACP adopted a successful strategy of fighting for civil rights in the courts. A number of Warren Court rulings brought an end to segregation and strengthened the efforts of civil rights organizations. African Americans, who had sacrificed like all other Americans during the depression and the war, wanted their piece of the pie, too

question

*Extended Response. Compare what Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X achieved for African Americans. Think About: - the importance of changing unjust laws - effective protests and demonstrations in the South - African Americans' attitude toward themselves

answer

Marshall, as the head of the NAACP's team of lawyers, argued many important civil rights cases before the Supreme Court. In winning Brown, he gave all African-American children the opportunity to succeed and achieved an important first step in the complete abolishment of segregation. King, as the head of the SCLC, provided leadership. His love, courage, patience, optimism, and integrity made him an example to all Americans. He inspired those on the front lines of the movement to persevere and those outside the movement to sympathize with, and participate in, the movement. Malcolm X helped African Americans to take pride in themselves and their race. The changes he underwent-from a criminal to a Nation of Islam preacher of black separatism and hatred of whites to a more tolerant Muslim civil rights organizer- made him a powerful role model for young African Americans

question

How many major race riots occurred in 1967?

answer

8

question

*Why do you think the Northeast region of the United States experienced so many race riots? Use your knowledge of American history to answer this question.

answer

Migrations during and after World War II brought larger number of blacks to the North; greater contact between the races may have brought latent white racism to the surface, causing both tension and violence, especially in cities, where blacks and whites were often competing for the same jobs. Also, the North did not have a heritage of legal segregation, so blacks may have had higher expectations for social and economic equality, and thus experienced greater frustration when this goal remained out of reach

question

The first organized movement by African Americans to fight segregation was ___.

answer

the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott

question

*How did the civil rights movement evolve from the mid-1950s to the late 1960s? Discuss changes in the goals, tone, and leadership of the movement during this period. Think About: - de jure versus de facto segregation - contributions of major leaders - objectives and strategies of various civil rights organizations

answer

The movement at first focused on segregation enforced by law and later turned to fundamental economic and social inequalities. Early leader Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP won several key Supreme Court cases, including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregated schools unconstitutional. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Rosa Parks challenged segregation on buses in the South using boycotts. King and others founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which stressed nonviolent tactics such as sit-ins to protest segregation in public facilities. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee engaged in sit-ins but also used more confrontational tactics. Nonviolent protests eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. By the late 1960s, however, anger and frustration over the continuing high rate of poverty and unemployment for blacks gave rise to a new militancy among African Americans, especially in the North. Malcolm X of the Nation of Islam, Stokely Carmichael of SNCC, and the political party the Black Panthers urged blacks to defend themselves against white violence and called for "Black Power." Clashes between blacks and white authorities led to riots in many large cities. King's assassination in 1968 marked a turning point for the movement and a low point in race relations for the nation

question

He urged SNCC to stop recruiting whites and to focus on developing African-American pride.

answer

Stokely Carmichael

question

This is segregation that exists by practice and custom, not by law.

answer

de facto segregation

question

Headed by Elijah Muhammad this organization was also known as Black Muslims.

answer

Nation of Islam

question

This is segregation that exists by law.

answer

de jure segregation

question

This former minister of the Nation of Islam was shot and killed while giving a speech in Harlem.

answer

Malcolm X

question

Not long before his assassination, a trip to Mecca helped to soften his attitude toward white people. He began preaching a message of "ballots or bullets."

answer

Malcolm X

question

This political party was formed to fight against police brutality in the ghetto.

answer

Black Panthers

question

This is the type of segregation addressed by the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

answer

de jure segregation

question

The goal of this was to study the causes of the 1965 uprising in Watts.

answer

Kerner Commission

question

This banned discrimination in housing.

answer

Civil Rights Act of 1968

question

King objected to the use of this slogan because he believed it provoked violence.

answer

Black Power

question

*In what region or regions did most of the 1967 race riots occur?

answer

Most riots occurred in the Northeast

question

*What accomplishments of the civil rights movement were achieved through nonviolent means? Why, despite these accomplishments, did some African Americans come to reject nonviolence? Think About: - accomplishments in education, voting, and use of public facilities - what was required of nonviolent protesters - difference between de facto and de jure segregation

answer

Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent means included the desegregation of schools and public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy tests and poll taxes that had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and the passage of laws that expanded housing, employment, and educational opportunities for African Americans. The nonviolent approach required patience and personal sacrifice. Some African Americans were unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they already had, for rights they deserved. Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was not an effective means of ending de facto segregation, which had led to the concentration of urban African Americans in slums with little hope of improving their economic and social status

question

Which of the following affirmed the legality of racial segregation and prompted the passage of Jim Crow laws?

answer

the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

question

How many deaths resulted from the 1967 race riots?

answer

83

question

One legacy of the civil rights movement that has been challenged in recent years is ___.

answer

affirmative action programs

question

What type of law enforcement was needed to respond to a minor riot?

answer

local police

question

Which doctrine relating to public education was overturned by the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

answer

"separate but equal"

question

Events such as ___ helped set the stage for the civil rights movement.

answer

better access to good jobs during World War II

question

Which region of the country was most affected by civil disorders in 1967?

answer

Northeast

question

In 1875, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlaws ___. In 1883, an all-white Supreme Court would declare the act unconstitutional.

answer

segregation

question

In 1957, the ___ is founded under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., for the purpose of carrying out non-violent campaigns against segregation and racism.

answer

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

question

In 1955, ___ is arrested for refusing to give up a bus seat to a white man.

answer

Rosa Parks

question

In 1952, ___, the head of the NAACP's group of lawyers, argues Brown v. Board of Education before the Supreme Court.

answer

Thurgood Marshall

question

In 1896, in ___, the Supreme Court rules that a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal" public accommodations is constitutional.

answer

Plessy v. Ferguson

question

In 1960, to make better use of young civil rights workers, the ___ is founded.

answer

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

question

In 1955, in response, the Montgomery Improvement Association is formed to organize a ___ of Montgomery buses, and Martin Luther King, Jr., is elected its leader.

answer

boycott

question

In 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court declares ___ unconstitutional.

answer

segregation

question

In 1960, members of SNCC use ___ to desegregate lunch counters throughout the South.

answer

sit-ins

question

In 1957, following the Arkansas governor's refusal to obey the Supreme Court decision in ___, a crisis occurs in Little Rock. President Eisenhower places the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and orders paratroopers into the city.

answer

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

question

This eliminated the literacy test and stated that federal examiners could enroll voters denied suffrage by local officials.

answer

Voting Rights Act of 1965

question

He was the first African-American student to attend the University of Mississippi.

answer

James Meredith

question

The Civil Rights Act of 1965 was passed during his presidency.

answer

Lyndon B. Johnson

question

By campaigning to register African-American voters, it hoped to attract national attention and influence Congress to pass a voting rights act.

answer

Freedom Summer

question

They tested the Supreme Court decisions banning segregation on interstate bus routes and facilities in bus terminals.

answer

freedom riders

question

He spoke of his dream during the March on Washington.

answer

Martin Luther King, Jr.

question

He used federal marshals to protect the freedom riders on the last leg of their journey and to force the desegregation of the universities of Mississippi and Alabama.

answer

John F. Kennedy

question

Its goal was to persuade Congress to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill.

answer

March on Washington (1963)

question

Televised scenes of violence during this event convinced Lyndon B. Johnson to ask Congress for swift passage of a voting rights act.

answer

Selma to Montgomery march

question

How did African-American attitudes toward achieving the goal of equality change during the sixties? Write a brief essay in response to this question, citing examples and evidence from the three documents. You may use the back of this paper or a separate sheet for your essay. (8 points)

answer

Civil rights activists showed a patient determination to achieve freedom through nonviolent protests designed to elicit the sympathy and participation of whites(Documents 1 and 2). Later, many urban blacks grew impatient with this approach because of increasing white violence toward African Americans, including peaceful protestors, and became more demanding and hostile in their attitude toward whites(Documents 2 and 3). Essays should include examples such as the slogan "Black Power"(Document 2)and the song line "Move on over or we'll move on over you"(Document 3)for the later attitude and "We are black and white together" and "We shall not be moved"(Document 1)for the earlier one

question

In the summer of 1964, thousands of white college students took part in ___.

answer

a campaign to register African American voters in Mississippi

question

*The map key does not describe "serious disturbances." What might be the characteristics of these riots?

answer

"Serious disturbances" would probably last more than one day, might or might not require state or federal help for local police, and would involve less crime and violence than "major disturbances."

question

*Of the various efforts made to advance civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s, which ONE do you find to have been particularly courageous? What sacrifices were made, who made those sacrifices, and what did they accomplish?

answer

Birmingham, complete answers should include the following points: Protests in Birmingham were courageous because Birmingham strictly enforced segregation and was known for its racial violence. Sacrifices were made by the people of Birmingham who participated in the campaign, especially the hundreds of children, and by their leaders. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and nearly 1, 000 children were jailed. The police swept child marchers off their feet with high-pressure water hoses, set attack dogs on them, and clubbed those who fell. Birmingham was desegregated

question

In the map key, what word has the same meaning as "riot" or " civil disorder"?

answer

disturbance

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