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Proprietary colony

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colony owned and governed by an individual who could govern it as he wanted

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Bacon's Rebellion

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A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

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Committees of correspondence

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Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

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Intolerable Acts

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In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

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Townshend Acts

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A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

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Treaty of Paris of 1783

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Treaty Between England and the Colonies, formally ended the American Revolutionary War

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Northwest Ordinance

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A 1787 law that set up a government for the Northwest Territory

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Shay's Rebellion

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Led by Daniel Shay, was a protest against the land being taken away and the taxes that they had just worked so hard to get rid of

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Great Compromise

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Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

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Enumerated vs. implied powers

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Enumerated powers are powers specifically mentioned in the constitution, Implied powers are powers that are not specifically mentioned in the constitution, but are necessary for a successful government, such as the national bank

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Necessary & Proper clause

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Constitutional clause that gives congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers

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John Adams

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America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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Laws passed by congress in 1798 that enabled the government to imprison or deport aliens and to prosecute critics of the government

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

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Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

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Election of 1800

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Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

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Judicial Review

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The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional

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Marbury vs. Madison

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Case in which the supreme court first asserted th power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

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Eli Whitney

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United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

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Sectionalism

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Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

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Spoils system

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Rewarding people with government jobs on the basis of their political support

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Nullification Crisis

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Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void

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John C. Calhoun

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South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

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Temperance movement

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Reform movement begun in the 1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S

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William Lloyd Garrison

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United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)

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Frederick Douglass

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Self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star.

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Manifest Destiny

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The belief that the U.S. should extend all the way to the Pacific Ocean because it was God's will

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Wilmot Proviso

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Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846)

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Harriet Tubman

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United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

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Transcontinental railroad

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Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty

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Popular sovereignty

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The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

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Dred Scott v. Sandford

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1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that livig in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional

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Harper's Ferry Raid

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John Brown seized the US arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed

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1860 Election

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Whig party collapsed and the Republicans under Lincoln came to power, Republican Party we know today

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Secession

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The withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War

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Crittenden's Compromise

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Compromise that would gaurantee slavery where it already existed and would reinstate the Missouri Compromise line extending it to California. It did not pass

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Jefferson Davis

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an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

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Fort Sumter

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Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

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Martial law

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The body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis)

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Robert E. Lee

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Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

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Greenbacks

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Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

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Antietam

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The first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties

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Battle of Vicksburg

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1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins

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13th Amendment

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This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

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Appomattox Courthouse

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The Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

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Wade-Davis Bill

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Name for Congress' plan for Reconstruction; more harsh than President's

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Freedmen's Bureau

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1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

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14th Amendment

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Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

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Johnson's Impeachment

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Used Tenure of Office Act to ban Johnson from firing Secretary of War -impeached, found not guilty by 1 vote

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15th Amendment

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Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

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Compromise of 1877

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Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

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Homestead Act

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1862 - provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years

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Dawes Act

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An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism

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Laissez-Faire

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Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

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Alexander Graham Bell

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United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922)

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Robber Barons

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People who'd built fortunes by swindling investors and taxpayers, and bribing officials

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Pacific Railway Act

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1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

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Vertical integration

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Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

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Horizontal integration

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Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition

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Marxism

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A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches

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American Federation of Labor

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A federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate

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Social Gospel Movement

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A movement emphasizing the application of Christian principles to social problems

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Dwight Moody

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Made the Moody Bible Institute. Helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity into city life

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Pendleton Act

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1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

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Election of 1884

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Republican candidate- Senator James G. Blaine. "Mugwumps" announced that they would bolt the party and support an honest Democrat. Democrat candidate- Grover Cleveland. Cleveland won

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Interstate Commerce Act

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Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act

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First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

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Populism

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The political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

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Grange

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An association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

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Farmer's Alliance

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A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

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Election of 1896

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Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic in American history

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William Jennings Bryan

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United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

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