US History Study Guide: Gilded Age – Flashcards
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POLITICAL BOSS from Kansas City. ran a saloon where many immigrants lived and worked.
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James Pendergast
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REFORMER worked against child labor workers and limited hours of work for women.
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Florence Kelley
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POLITICAL BOSS used his position to gain bribes and kickbacks
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William M Tweed
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REFORMER union league organizer, argued that only a strong working-class movement could bring real change to the workplace.
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Rose Schneiderman
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MUCKRAKER exposed the corrupt political machin
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Lincoln Steffens
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POLITICAL BOSS financed expanded sewer and water systems, paved streets, and other public services.
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Alexander Shepherd
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MUCKRAKER investigated standard oil
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Ida Tarbell
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MUCKRAKER examined the plight of African Americans
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Ray Stannard Baker
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REPUBLICAN selected by the repub. party to run. many scandals followed him - 1st term : gold market crash re-elected 2nd term : taxation of whiskey -Credit Mobilier Scandal
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Ulysses S. Grant
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REPUBLICAN 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history
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Rutherford B Hayes
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REPUBLICAN relatively unknown senator named presidential candidate. He died when he was assassinated.
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James A Garfield
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vice pres. nominee to James A Garfield in order to satisfy the Stalwarts. Known for Pendleton Act
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Chester A Arthur
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DEMOCRAT opposed Tammany Hall while gov. of new york. accused of fathering a child out of wedlock. honest man, supported by the people. supported reform.
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Grover Cleveland
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REPUBLICAN grandson of 9th pres. won the popular vote filled every job on the civil service list with members of own party. billion dollar congress
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Benjamin Harrison
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DEMOCRAT adopted conservative platform upholding the gold standard. He died when he was assassinated.
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William McKinley
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REPUBLICAN the Square Deal was his campaign slogan worked the reform gov. & regulated big businesses. helped reshape the country as president. ran the re-election against McKinley.
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Theodore Roosevelt
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DEMOCRAT called for tariff reduction, banking reform, laws benefitting wage earners and farmers, and stronger antitrust legis. Started the New Freedom program to help small businesses
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Woodrow Wilson
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DEMOCRAT free silver supporter from Nebraska populist party supported Bryan established a law firm and ran for office gave the "Cross of Gold" speech, stressing the importance of free silver. Ran and lost
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William Jennings Bryan
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REPUBLICAN secretary of war to Roosevelt didn't enjoy being in the public eye passed the Mann-Elkins Act while he was in office and adopted the 16 Amendment. passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff "the best tariff bill that the repub party ever passed." outraging progresives.
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William Howard Taft
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federal law that required the gov. to buy and mint silver each month.
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Bland-Allison Act & Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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act that prohibited RR's from giving secret rebates, or refunds, to large shippers or charging more for short hauls than for long hauls over the same line. 1887
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Interstate Commerce Act
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supreme court case that upheld protective legislation for female workers in Oregon.
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Mueller v. Oregon
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Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
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16th Amendment
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amendment that allows for direct election of senators
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17th Amendment
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amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
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18th Amendment
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amendment that gave women the right to vote
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19th Amendment
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Outlawed all monopolies and trusts that restrained trade
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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policy allowing voters to introduce new legislation
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Initiative
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procedure allowing citizens to force the legislature to place a recently passed law on the ballot for public approval.
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Referendum
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procedure enabling voters to remove an official from office by calling for a special election.
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Recall
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act that created a national banking system to help the gov. control the economy.
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Federal Reserve Act
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law that outlawed the interstate sale of products produced by child labor; declared unconstitutional by the supreme court in 1918.
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Keating-Owen Act
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What role did Political Machines play in the growth of cities?
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These well organized parties dominated city governments in the US. the bosses dictated party positions on city ordinances and made deals w/business leaders. they also controlled the district leaders, city officials, and council members who kept the machine running smoothly.
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What was the relationship between Immigrants and Political Machines?
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Because political machines helped the urban poor, new immigrants became loyal supporters. the machine politicians would meet immigrants as soon as they arrived in the US; helping newcomers get settled, finding them temp. housing and jobs.
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What effect did Thomas Nast's cartoons have on corruption at Tammany Hall?
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Nast's cartoons exposed the corruption of Tammany Hall and contributed to Tweed's conviction for fraud and extortion in 1873.
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How would the Grant administration be characterized?
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Many critics saw corruption in Grant's Administration and saw it as a by-product of the spoils system. Scandalous: Black Friday, Credit Mobilier, and Whiskey Taxation.
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What did the Pendleton Service Act do? (3 things)
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-Established Civil Service Commission to administer competitive examinations to those people seeking gov. jobs. -Established as law, the idea that federal jobs below the policy making level should be filled based on merit. -Angered critics because it only applied to 10% of federal jobs
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What were problems facing farmers in the late 1800's?
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-Prices tumbled -Money for machinery went up -Couldn't repay loans -Oversupply, low prices, foreclosure
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What were the major achievements of the National Grange?
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It was the first major farmers organization. passed Granger Laws creating state commissions to standardize rates. lead to the Interstate Commerce Act prohibiting RR
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What issues did the Populist Party support? (3)
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-Called for graduated income tax -Government ownership of railroads -Coinage of silver
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What was the major achievement of the Populist Party?
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The Populist party elected more than 10 party members to Congress as well as numerous state leaders.
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********* Why did women play such a significant role in the Progressive movement?
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*********
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What issues did Muckraking journalists focus on?
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As investigative journalists they focused on exposing the muck, or filth of society especially political corruption
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What was the main issue labor laws addressed?
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Progressives and labor union activists campaigned for new laws that would prohibit or limit child labor and improve conditions for female workers.
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What was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire?
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The incident that resulted in the deaths of some 140 garment workers; led to increased safety regulations for businesses
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How did the Supreme Court rule on labor laws?
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How did the Supreme Court rule on labor laws? the court ruled that workers should be free to accept any conditions of employment that business owners require, even if that meant working 14-16 hours. Favored businesses over labor.
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What where the three reforms established to clean up (reform) cities?
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**** IWW, ILGWU, AFL
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Who led the Temperance Movement?
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Women
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What view did most Progressives have toward racial discrimination?
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Most progressives were concerned about the plight of the poor. however, few white progressives devoted very much energy to the problems of discrimination and prejudice against African Americans and American Indians.
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What city government reforms reflected the goals of progressivism?
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-City commissioners -City managers -Better tax code
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What was the Wisconsin Idea?
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Robert M. La Follete's reform program which called for a direct primary and increased taxes on railroads/public utilities
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How did Taft anger Progressives in the Repub. party?
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Signed Payne-Aldrich Tariff which was a high tariff measure
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Why was the Progressive Party formed?
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The republican party was wrecked so the people wanted New Nationalism with Roosevelt as their candidate. Conservatives blocked reform legislation.
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How did socialists, like Eugene Debs, differ from other parties?
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Supported a radically different economic order, including public ownership of all major industries.
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Distribution of money or political power through illegal or dishonest methods
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Graft
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Supported Grant for a 3rd term and wanted things to stay the way they were
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Stalwarts
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Supported civil reform and opposed corruption
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Half-breeds
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-Social Darwinists -Laisse-Faire -Supported reform
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Mugwumps
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the "peoples" party
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Populists
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First major farmer's organization, farmers pulled resources to buy/sell goods. Founded by Oliver Hudson Kelley.
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Grange
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Movement that organized corporation to buy equipment and market to farm products. Lobbied through bank regulations, government ownership of land, and graduated income tax
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Alliance
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Groups that pool member's resources to sell products directly to markets and to buy goods at wholesale prices
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Cooperatives
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the "Bull-Moose" party; reform party that ran teddy roosevelt for president
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Progressives
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nonunion workplace.
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Open Shop
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Company where you must be a part of the union
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Closed Shop
