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Manifest Destiny

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Idea of the 19th century that the United States should expand across the continent

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Transcontinental Railroad

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Railroad that linked the east and west coast of the United States

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Importance of Railroads

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It revolutionized transportation with a easy 6 day trip instead of a dangerous 6 month trip It unified the continent

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Settlers

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People who traveled to the Mid-West to become a farmer through the Homestead Act

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Sod House

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Houses in the Mid-West made out of dirt, mud, and sod

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Little Big Horn

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1876 battle in which the Sioux defeated General Custer and the U.S. Army troops

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Wounded Knee

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1890 confrontation between the U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end of the Indian resistance. The U.S. Army arrested Sitting Bull for starting the "Ghost Dance" phinamonan. All the Indians that tried to flee were killed and the "Ghost Dance stopped

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Sitting Bull

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One of the Sioux leaders, along with Crazy Horse, who planned to drive out the Americans at the Battle of Little Big Horn.

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Crazy Horse

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The leader of the Sioux, along with Sitting Bull, who planned the Little Big Horn attack. He was arrested and stabbed in prison

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Dawes Act

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Each Indian family gets 160 acres of farmstead instead of living on a reservation

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Assimilation

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The idea that Native Americans could be "absorbed" into U.S. culture

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Reservation

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Specific areas set aside by the government for the Indians to use

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Sand Creek Massacre

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1864 incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of Cheyenne and Arapahu Indians

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Chief Joseph

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The Nez Perces leader who attempted to lead a group of Nez Perces refugees to Canada. He was stopped and forced to beg for mercy in Washington

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Land Grants

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Land granted by the government instead of money for railroad workers in return for their service

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Open-Range System

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vast area of grassland on which livestock roamed and grazed

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Homestead Act

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1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to create a road from their house to the main road, dig a well, and live on it for 5 years

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Exodusters

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African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War

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Vigilante

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Self-appointed law enforcer

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Reconstruction

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Bring the South back into the Union after the Civil War

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Freedman Bureau

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A federal agency designed to aid freed slaves and relieve the South's immediate needs

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Andrew Johnson

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The Vice President to Abraham Lincoln, President after he was assassinated

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13th Amendment

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1865 constitutional amendment that abolished slavery

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14th Amendment

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1868 constitutional amendment which defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under law

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15th Amendment

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1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

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Radical Republican

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Members of Congress that favored the punishment of the South and the freedom of slaves

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impeachment

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The act of bringing charges against an official in order to determine whether he/she should be removed from office

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Ku Klux Klan

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Organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups

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de jure segregation

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segregation imposed by law

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Carpet Bagger

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Northern adventurers who came to the South during the Reconstruction

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Scalawag

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Southern white farmers who wanted improved economic position during the Reconstruction

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Black Codes

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Rules for African Americans living in the South

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Compromise of 1877

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Federal troops would be removed from Lousiana, Florida, and South Carolina if they vote for Rutherford B Hayes as President

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Success of the Reconstruction

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Slavery was abolished South rejoined the Union

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Failures of the Reconstruction

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Segregation

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Civil War

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War fought from 1861 - 1865 between the North and the South over ending slavery

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Freedmen

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A term used for former African American slaves

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10-percent Plan

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Abraham Lincoln's plan for the South to rejoin: Pardons all Confederate government As soon as 10% of the Southern states rejoin the Union, they can send senators and representatives to Washington

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Thaddeus Stevens

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Radical Republican who wanted to make African Americans equal to whites

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New Orleans Massacre

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July 30th, 1866 - 40 members (African American) of Political Convention were murdered by ex-Confederate Soldiers

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Ulysses S. Grant

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The President after Johnson

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Sharecropping

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System in which a farmer tended a portion of a planter's land in return for a share of the crop

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Poll Tax

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A tax for African Americans on voting

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Litercary Test

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A test that had to be passed in order for on to vote

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Rutherford B Hayes

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Republican President after Grant

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Entrepreneur

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Person who invests money in a product or business with the goal of making a profit

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Protective Tariff

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Tax on imported goods making the price high enough to protect domestic goods from foreign competition

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Laissez Faire

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The absence of government control over private business

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Patent

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Official right given by the government to an inventor for the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time

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Thomas Edison

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The inventor of the light bulb

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Bessemer Process

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Method developed in the mid-1800s for the making of steel more efficiently

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Suspension Bridge

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Bridges that have a railroad/railway suspended by cables

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Time Zone

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Any of the 24 longitudinal areas of the world within which the same time is used

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Mass Production

answer

Production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines

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Corporation

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A group ownership over a business

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Monopoly

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Complete control over a product

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Cartel

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Associations of producers of a good or service that prices and controls stock in order to monopolize a market

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John D Rockefeller

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Oil tycoon, used horizontal integration, world first billionare, Philantrophist

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horizonal intergration

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systems of consolidating many firms in the same business The company lowers the price of their good to put other companies out of business, then the company raises up their prices

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trust

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A group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly

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Andrew Carnagie

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Steel Tycoon, Industrialist, Philantrophist

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Vertical Intergration

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Systems of consolidating firms involved in all steps of a product's manufacture The company buys every step in manufacturing their product so they make more money

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Social Darwinism

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The belief held by some in the late 19th century that certain nation's and races were superior to others and therefore destined to rule over them

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I.C.C.

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Interstate Commerce Commission. First federal agency monitoring business operation, created in 1887 to over see interstate railroad producers

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce

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Homestead Strike

answer

1892 strike against Carnagie's steelworks in Homestead, PA

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Five causes of Industrial Growth

answer

Natural Resources, Immigration, Capitalism, Government Policy, Innovation

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Important Inventions

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Telegraph - 1844 Sewing Machine - 1846 Safety Elevators - 1852 Light Bulbs - 1880 Steam Boiler Furnace - 1884

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Labor Unions

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Workers who band together to try and improve working conditions

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Strike

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Organized work stoppage by workers

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Captains of Industry

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Leaders in the Business Industry who helped American become a super power

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Robber Barons

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Someone who would do anything, ethical or unethical, to make money for themselves

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Imperialism

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Political, Military, and Economic domination of strong nations over weaker territories

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Extractive Economies

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Economy in a colony where the colonizing country removed raw materials and shipped them back home to benefit its own economy

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Alfred T Mahan

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A Naval officer and historian, wrote that the greatest nations have the most powerful Navies

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Frederick J Turner

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A historian who stressed the importance of frontiers in American history

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Matthew C Perry

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The commander who sailed into modern day Tokyo bay, Japan. The ports were closed to other countries but Perry won the Emperor with expensive gifts

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Queen Liliuokalani

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The last queen of Hawaii before the U.S. annexed it

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Jose Marti

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The Cuban patriot who launched a war of independence from Spain

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William Randolph Hearst

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A newspaper publisher who heightened the public dislike of the Spanish government in Cuba

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Yellow Press

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Newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership. They were called the Yellow Press because they featured a cartoon called the yellow kid

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jingoism

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Aggressive Nationalism

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Emilio Aguinaldo

answer

The leader of Filipino nationalist who were trying to rid their country of Spanish government

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Rough Riders

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Groups of men, consisting of rugged westerners and upper class easterners who fought during the Spanish American war

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Treaty of Paris

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An agreement signed by the United States and Spain in 1898, which officially ended the Spanish American War

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U.S.S. Maine

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An American warship sent to Cuba to monitor Cuban affairs, the ship ended up exploding

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Spanish American War

answer

A war fought between Spain and the United States over Cuba and the Philippines from April - August of 1898

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Insurrection

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Rebellion

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Guerilla Warfare

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Form of non-traditional warfare generally involving hit-and-run attacks by small bands of fighters

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William Howard Taft

answer

Governor of the Philippines in 1901 future President of the United States

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Sphere of Influence

answer

A region dominated and controlled by an outside power

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Boxer Rebellion

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Violence started by members of a secret society in China, which prompted the governments of Europe and Asia to squash the rebellions

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John Hay

answer

U.S. Secretary of state who issued notes to serve as a guiding principle of American foreign policy in Asia

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Russo-Japanese War

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A war between Russia and Japan in 1904 over the presence of Russian troops in Manchuria

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Great White Fleet

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Battleships sent by Teddy Roosevelt in 1907 on a "good will cruise" around the world

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Reasons for conquering Philippines

answer

The U.S. captured Aguinaldo The U.S. had a greater army than the Philippines

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Arguments for expansion vs. arguments against

answer

Missionary Diplomacy, Social Darwinism, Imperialism, Manifest Destiny

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Specific U.S. acquisitions of territories

answer

Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, Cuba

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Reasons for Imperialism

answer

Extractive Economies, Military, Social Darwinism

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Causes of WWI

answer

Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, Alliance System

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Trench Warfare

answer

Static, defensive strategy, with little movement either way by opposing forces

question

Reasons for American Neutrality in 1914

answer

Mixed ethnicities, Various public opinion, U.S. job to be mediator

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

answer

Germany was being reckless with their submarines by sinking any ship from any country for no reason

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Isolationists

answer

Believed that the war was none of America's business and that the nation should isolate itself from the hostilities

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Interventionists

answer

Felt that the war did affect American interests and that the U.S. should intervene in the conflict on the side of the Allies

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Internationalists

answer

Believed that the U.S. should play an active role in world affairs and work toward achieving peace without entering the war

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Reasons for American entry in 1917

answer

Germans attacking the Lusitania, Zimmermann Note, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, Destruction of U.S. factories

question

Howard Zinn's argument

answer

We were supplying the Allies with military supplies, Germany was protecting their interests

question

AEF

answer

American Expeditionary Forces, About 4 million American men who fought in WWI with the Allies

question

War Industry Board

answer

Created in 1917 to urge companies to be more efficient and mass-produce

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Committee on Public Info

answer

Created in 1917 to popularize the war with propaganda

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Fourteen Points

answer

List of terms for resolving WWI created by President Wilson, including the idea for the League of Nations

question

League of Nations

answer

World organization established after WWI to promote peaceful cooperations between countries

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