US History II – Flashcards
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Ex-slaves believer that ownership of land..
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was a moral right and was linked to their freedom
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"Sherman Land" and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands...
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created an exception among ex-slaves that they would become independent citizens and landowners.
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Following emancipation, many ex-slaves aspired to..
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reunite family members sold away.
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Although Andrew Johnson had left the Democratic Party before becoming president, he seemed more a Democrat than a Republican as president because..
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he advocated states' rights and limitations on federal power, especially in the economic realm.
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Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans both promised reconciliation and the rapid restoration of civil government in the South; they also shared an emphasis on...
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pardons for most former rebel soldiers and ratification of the 13th Amendment.
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During the Reconstruction era, souther black codes...
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restricted freedmen's economic opportunities and civil rights.
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The black codes were essentially an attempt to...
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subordinate blacks to whites and regulate the labor supply.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1866...
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made discrimination in state laws illegal.
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The 14th Amendment dealt with voting rights for blacks by...
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giving congress the right to reduce a state's representation in that body if the state refused to give all of its adult male population, including ex-slaves, the right to vote.
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The voting rights provisions of the 14th Amendment proved a major disappointment for...
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other advocates of female suffrage.
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The impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson...
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effectively ended Johnson's interference in reconstruction.
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The 15th Amendment...
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extended black male suffrage to the entire nation.
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The Ku Klux Klan developed into a paramilitary organization, but it began as...
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a social club for Confederate veterans who wanted to restore white supremacy.
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Private ownership of land was critical to the successful integration of freedmem into the mainstream of American society, because owning land...
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would give them economic independence from whites.
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The system under which farmers rented small pieces of land, paid their rent with a portion of their crops, and were provided mules and tools by their landlord was known as...
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sharecropping.
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President Ulysses S. Grant's administration saw...
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corruption at all levels of government, a severe economic depression, labor violence, and an attempt to annex Santo Domingo to provide the freedmen with a new home.
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The constitutional amendment that prohibited states from depriving citizens of the right to vote on the basis of their "race, color, pr previous condition of servitude"...
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was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states.
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When southern Republicans pleaded with Congress for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan , Congress...
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responded by passing the Ku Klux Klan and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
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Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely...
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undermined reconstruction.
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By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866...
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had been mostly abandoned by Northerners.
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"Redeemers" were...
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southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South.
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By the early 1870s, Democrats had adopted a two-pronged strategy to defeat the Republicans. That strategy consisted of...
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polarizing the political parties on the issue of color and relentlessly intimidating black voters.
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In the presidential election of 1876,
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the Democrats had won the popular vote but fell one vote short of victory in the electoral college, while the Republican candidate initially fell nineteen electoral votes short of victory.
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In the Compromise of 1877,
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southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South.
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The Compromise of 1877 essentially...
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spelled the end of reconstruction and of the Republicans' commitment to the civil rights of blacks.
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Congressional reconstruction did not meet all of its goals, but among those it did meet were...
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the legacy of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
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Why did the U.S government decided to move Indians to reservations around the mid-nineteenth century?
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the government's policy of Indian removal further west was no longer practical because western land was no longer inexhaustible.
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What was the outcome of the second Treaty of Fort Laramie?
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it was violated by the U.S government after gold was discovered in the Black Hills.
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What occurred under the "outing system" of the 1880s?
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Indian children were forced to live with white families over summer vacation.
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What was the outcome of the Dawes Act of 1887?
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division of reservations and allotment of individual plots of land to Native Americans.
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What was the Comstock Lode?
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the richest vein of silver ore found on the North American continent.
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Which of the following is true of labor unions in the western unions in the western mining industry?
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They formed early and held considerable bargaining power.
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What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
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to decrease the Chinese population of the American West.
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The vast majority of territorial appointees chosen by the president were...
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beneficiaries of the spoils systems.
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Why did the federal government do so little to halt corruption and scandal in the western territories?
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distance, funding, and local hostility limited the government's ability to prosecute cases.
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For what reason did hundreds of thousands of Americans migrate West in the three decades after 1870?
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to own their own land.
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Which two factors helped stimulate the land rush in the trans-Mississippi West?
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Homestead ACt of 1862 and the opening of the transcontinental railroad.
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What did the Homestead Act of 1862 promise to potential migrants to the West?
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160 acres free to any citizen or prospective citizens who settled on land west of the Mississippi River for five years.
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How did the landscape of the trans-Mississippi West change between 1870 and 1900?
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family farms gave way to commercial farming.
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By the 1870s, homesteaders discovered that most of the prime land in the West was...
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already in the hands of speculators.
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What did the state and federal governments do to encourage railroad construction in the decades after the Civil War?
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they gave railroad companies 180 million acres of public land.
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How did the invention of barbed wire revolutionize the cattle industry?
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the wire allowed ranchers to fence in their cattle.
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Chapter 18
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...
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The Gilded Age can be described as...
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an era marked by personal greed and a corrupt partnership between business and politics.
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A key factor in the rise of the Gilded Age was...
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the growth of industrialism.
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In the second half of the nineteenth-century, American life came to be dominated by the country's first big business..
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railroading.
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Railroad construction in the nineteenth-century America was boosted significantly by...
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monetary aid and land grants from federal and state governments.
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When he died in 1892, Jay Gould was described as both "the world's richest man" and "the most hated man in American," an indication that...
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he was a symbol of all that most troubled the public about the rise of big business in America.
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The relatively new building material that both improved railroading in the late nineteenth century and depended on it was...
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steel produced through the Bessemer process.
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Vertical integration...
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places all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer.
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Carnegie Steel achieved the tremendous productivity that Andrew Carnegie insisted on by...
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forcing employees to work long hours under extremely dangerous conditions for low pay.
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Ida M. Tarbell's "History of the Standard Oil Company" in McClure's Magazine depicted John D. Rockefeller as...
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a ruthless, unscrupulous malefactor who had used practically very dirty trick in the corporate book to gain control of the oil industry.
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Alexander Graham Bell...
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used a complicated organizations structure in his new company that allowed both local and cross-country communication.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, electricity...
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was utilized mostly in urban areas of the United States.
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Prominent business leaders of the late 19th century, such as J.P. Morgan,
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despised competition and tried to substitute consolidation and central control whenever they could.
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J.P. Moran acquired the core of what would be the largest corporation in the world when he purchased...
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steel interests formely controlled by Andrew Carnegie.
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The theory of social Darwinism held that...
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progress is the result of competition, and that social reforms and other modes of human interference impede progress.
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The economic theory of laissez-faire political clout in the late 19th century in part because...
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the Supreme Court increasingly was reinterpreting the Constitution to protect business.
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The Supreme Court used a novel interpretation of the 14th Amendment to help big business near the end of the 19th century. The Court did this by...
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elevating property rights over all other rights.
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Voter turnout in national elections during the last three decades of the nineteenth century averaged 80 percent, a phenomenon that can be attributed in part to the...
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fact that voting was an important way to get a government job.
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After Reconstruction, the term solid South referred to...
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the states of the old Confederacy, which voted Democratic in every election for the next seventy years.
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After Reconstruction, the call for a New South signaled...
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some desire among Southerns to shift from agriculture to industry as the basis of their economy.
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In the late 19th century, the notion that black men were a threat to white women in the South contributed significantly to...
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an increase in lynchings across the South.
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According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem that rooted in...
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economics and the shifting social structure of the South.
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Deined the right to vote during in the late 19th century, American Women...
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found ways to affect the political process though the antilynching, suffrage, and temperance movements.
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President James A. Garfield unwittingly helped the cause of civil service reform...
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when he was shot by Charles Guiteau, a mentally disturbed man who had failed to secure a government position.
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The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 established the Civil Service Commission and...
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made it impossible to remove people in civil service jobs for political reasons.
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The president who lost the election at the end of his first term and was re-elected to a second term four years later was...
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Grover Cleveland.
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By the 1880s, the tariff posed a threat to America's prosperity because...
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it created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services.
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The Interstate Commerce Commission, the nation's first federal regulatory agency,
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was so weak in its early years that it served as little more than a historical precedent.
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Both the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act...
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testified to the nation's growing willingness to use federal measures to intervene in big business on behalf on the public interest.
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When advocated of bimetallism referred to the "crime of '73," they were talking about...
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the decision by Congress in 1873 to stop bullying and minting silver.
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During the economic depression in the winter of 1894-95, president Glover Cleveland hoped to increase the nation's flagging gold reserves by...
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making a deal with a private group of bankers, headed by J.P. Morgan, to purchase gold abroad and supply it to the government.
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Chapter 19
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...
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Significant urban growth in the late 19th century meant that by 1900, more than one million people were living in...
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New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia.
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The astonishing growth in urban population between 1870 and 1900 was largely the product of...
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the movement of people into cities from other areas of the country and from abroad.
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The world economy at the turn of the 20th century can best be described as...
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an industrial core, an agricultural domain, and a third world tied to the industrial corer by economic colonialism.
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In the late 1970s, US industrialists hired cheap labor from around the world because...
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railroad expansion and low steamship fares enabled immigrants to flock to America.
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Beginning in the 1880s, new immigrants to America typically cane from...
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eastern and southern Europe.
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By 1900, the majority of immigrants to the United States...
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lived in cities because jobs were available there and because they did not have the money to buy land.
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Technological advances and mechanization allowed the U.S industrialists to...
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replace skilled laborers with lower-paid unskilled laborers form southern and eastern Europe.
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In the late 19th century, racism directed at ethnic immigrant groups in America...
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was the product of people's perceptions of ethnic and religious differences as racial characteristics.
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Racism in the late 19th century American was most evident in...
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violence toward blacks and the economic scapegoating of Asians on the West Coast.
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Southern black migrated to northern cities in the 1890s...
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for economic opportunities and safety.
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Congress approved a literacy test for immigrants in 1896...
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as a means of limiting the influx of "backward" people into the country.
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As middle- and upper-class urbanites moved to new ares of their cities, poor city dwellers...
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were forced into inner-city slums and the neighborhoods around the factories where they worked.
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In his best-selling How the other Half Lives(1890), Jacob Riis...
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forced middle-class Americans to acknowledge the degraded reality of the poor.
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The backbone of the American labor force throughout the nineteenth century was...
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common laborers.
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The U.S. garment industry began to change in the 1850s as...
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independent tailors were replaced by sweatshop workers.
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In the working-class family of 19th century America, economic survival...
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depended on everyone's working.
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In the late 19th century, married black women often supplemented their family income by working...
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outside the home as domestics.
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As a consequence of the business expansion and consolidation of the late 19th century,
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a new class of managers evolved.
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The opening of department stores in the late 19th century went hand in hand with...
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a new consumer culture and the material promise of the times.
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The main lesson workers learned from the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was that...
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they had little power individually, but could perhaps gain power if they joined a union.
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The Knights of Labor...
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was the first large-scale organization for American workers.
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During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor advocated for...
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public ownership of the railroads, an income tax, equal pay for women, and the abolition of child labor.
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Samuel Gompers, the founder of the American Federation of Labor,
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focused on higher pay and better working conditions.
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Working-class courtship rituals in urban, industrial America...
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shifted from family-arranged arrangements to informal meetings at the dance halls and other commercial retreats.
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Beginning in the 1870s, American men of all classes were united in their passions for...
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baseball.
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In the late 1800s, Coney Island symbolized the...
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rise of mess entertainment in America.
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The modern skyscraper emerged in the 1890s primarily as a consequence of the...
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advent of structural steel.
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Two key elements of the public school system in American cities were...
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free tuition and open access to all children.
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By the end of the nineteenth century, American libraries...
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made up of the most extensive free public-library system in the world.
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In the post- Civil War era, the city boss...
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oversaw the building of the city and provided social services for new residents.
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