US History: Chapter 21 – Flashcards
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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the Louisiana law did not violate the 14th Amendment
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3 ways WWII help set the stage for the civil rights movement
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- the demand for soldiers due to shortage of white male soldiers - the termination of discriminatory policies in within the army - civil rights organizations actively campaigned for African American rights
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Thurgood Marshall
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first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.
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Rosa Parks
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arrested for refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger
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the Montgomery Improvement Association
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organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott
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the Little Rock Nine
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9 black teenagers who volunteered to integrate Central High school in Little Rock.
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Eisenhower's response to the Little Rock crisis
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Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and ordered soldiers to protect the Little Rock Nine
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
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- headed by MLK - purpose was to carry on non-violent protests against discrimination
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Martin Luther King, Jr
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an African American civil rights leader
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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an organization formed to coordinate sit-ins and other protests to give young African Americans a larger role in the civil rights movement
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sit-ins
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to protest at lunch counters that served only whites
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freedom riders
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- Goal: to provoke a violent reaction that would convince the Kennedy Administration to enforce civil rights laws - Reaction: Kennedy Ad. sent 400 US marshals to accompany the freedom riders
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James Meredith
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integrates Ole Miss
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March on Washington
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Goal: to persuade Congress to pass the civil rights bill
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Freedom Summer project
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Goal: influence Congress to pass a voting rights act
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, gender, or religion
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Fannie Lou Hammer
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voice of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
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the Selma Campaign
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Goal: for Congress to pass voting rights - television revealed the police brutality
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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eliminated literacy test as a voting requirement
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de facto segregation
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Segregation by tradition or custom (North)
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de jure segregation
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segregation by law (South)
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Malcolm X
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- spokesman for Nation of Islam: all whites are evil - pro segregation - black superiority - African Americans should use self defense
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Nation of Islam
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a religious group founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion
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Stokely Carmichael
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head of the SNCC who first fought by means of non-violent ways, but later made a separatist philosophy of black power as the official objective of the organization
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Black Power
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- the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked - urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.
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reactions to MLK's death
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violence
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Kerner Commission
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group set up to investigate the causes of race riots. urged nation to - create new jobs - construct new housing - and end de facto segregation
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
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banned discrimination in housing
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affirmative action
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policy intended to make up for past discrimination by helping minority groups and women gain access to jobs and opportunities
