US History Chapter 1-11 – Flashcards

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Puritans
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Religious group that wanted to separate from the English Church
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Joint Stock Companies
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Companies what allowed several investors to pool their wealth in support of a colony that would yield profit.
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Conquistadors
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Explorers who were lured by the prospect of vast lands filled with gold and silver
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The Quakers
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A protestant sect that held services without formal ministers
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Montezuma
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Aztec Emperor
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John Winthrop
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Puritan leader
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William Penn
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Belonged to the Quakers, acquired lots of land and wanted to create a new system of government and make sure that the Native Americans were payed for their land.
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Ben Franklin
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Followed the ideals of Enlightenment, proved that lightning was a form of electricity.
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Jonathan Edwards
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Clergy who preaches the original Puritan vision. One of the most religious scholars of his time.
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The Enlightenment
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Ideas that the world was governed by fixed mathematical laws rather than solely by the will of God.
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Mercantilism
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Economic system in which countries competed for wealth and power.
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The Great Awakening
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A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring the intensity and dedication of the early Puritan church.
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Treaty of Paris
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confirmed US independence & set boundaries
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Declaration of Independence
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Created of the US, free independent states
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The Intolerable Acts
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Parliament passes a series of laws in reaction to the boston tea party
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Articles of Confederation
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alliance among 13 states
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Proclamation of 1763
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Established a Proclamation Line where colonists were not allowed to cross (west of the Appalachian Mountains). Many did not follow this due to the expanding population.
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Inflation
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rising prices
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Stamp Act
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imposed tax on documents and printed items
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Yorktown
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Where US troops surrounded Cornwallis & made him surrender
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Thomas Jefferson
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Virginia lawyer who wrote the final draft of the Declaration of Independence, distrusted strong government & favored strong state and local government
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Charles Cornwallis
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British general that captured Charleston, SC
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John Adams
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President who was federalist,
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George Washington
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1st president & began creating a working government
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Alexander Hamilton
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secretary of the treasury, proposed to establish a national bank
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John Locke
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English philosopher, "people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property."
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The Sugar Act
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Halved the duty on foreign-made molasses, places duties on new imports, people accused of violating this act will be tried in a vice-admiralty court, not colonial court.
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Patriots
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supporters of independence
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Loyalists
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opposed independence and remained loyal to the british king
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Three-Fifths Compromise
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A compromise that an African American counts as ⅗ of a person in the electoral college
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Federalists
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supporters of new constitution (balance of powers)
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Checks and balances
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prevents any 1 branch from dominating all others
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Bill of Rights
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10 amendments of the constitution
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Anti-federalists
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against the constitution (strong central government)
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Vicksburg
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Battle where Grant forced confederated to surrender by constant siege
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US Grant
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Military commander for North, captured 2 confederate forts
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William T Sherman
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Commander of military division, raided Georgia, wanted to make the south "sick of war"
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Abraham Lincoln
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republican, slavery was immoral, believes that congress should abolish slavery
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Emancipation Proclamation
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emancipated the slaves, issued by Lincoln
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The Gettysburg Address
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Lincoln's speech which stated that the country was a union, not just a collection of states
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Total War
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All resources and industries put their efforts into fighting for the war
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13th amendment
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abolished slavery
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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stressed that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a moral struggle. In protest to the fugitive slave act
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Robert E. Lee
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Southern commander in the army
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Abraham Lincoln
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president, created the emancipation proclamation,
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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published Uncle Tom's cabin, hates slavery
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Popular Sovereignty
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the right to vote for or against slavery
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Fort Sumter
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Union forts in the south, an Island in Charleston harbor
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Harper's Ferry
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John Brown tried to start a general slave uprising, 21 men black & white, didn't happen, Brown was executed
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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The fight in congress to make these states clave free or a slave state
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Bleeding Kansas
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bloody violence in the state began during the fighting to make kansas a slave state or a free state
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Bull Run
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first bloodshed on the battlefield, little creek, southern victory
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John Wilkes Booth
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Southern sympathizer, assassinated Lincoln
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Gettysburg
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most decisive battle of the civil war, confederate Lee vs. Union Buford, 3 day battle, it broke Lee's "invincibility"
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Antietam
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bloodiest single-day battle in history
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The Ku Klux Klan
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prevents blacks from voting, wants to throw out reconstruction and aid planter class
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The Carpetbaggers
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Northerners who moved to the south after the war
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Scalawags
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wanted to improve their economic position and didn't want wealthy planters to have power
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Thomas Edison
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perfected incandescent light bulbs, established world first research laboratory
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Andrew Carnegie
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controlled almost entire steel industry, made his fortune from railroads
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John D Rockefeller
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established standard oil company, forced smaller oil companies to sell their companies
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George Westinghouse
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added innoventions that made electricity safer and less expensive
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Samuel Gompers
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Jewish immigrant, led cigar makers international union to join other craft unions
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Eugene V Debs
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attempted to reform such an industrial union, won strike for high wages and went to jail for pullman strike
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Boss Tweed
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William H. Tweed, head of Tammany Hall
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Edmund Drake
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Successfully used a steam engine to drill oil, started oil business
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Mother Harris Jones
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organizer of women's labor movement, helped enforce child labor laws
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Sitting Bull
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leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux
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Tammany Hall
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New York's most powerful democratic political machine
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Bessemer Process
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injects air into molten iron to remove carbon and other impurities
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Vertical Integration
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profits maximized by controlling all the steps while producing
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Horizontal Integration
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control all manufacturing of something, monopoly
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Sand Creek
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massacre where the Cheyenne tribe raided trails off their reservation for supplies. Colonel John Chivington round up the people who did not want to fight and attacked them on the fort where Chivington said would be safe.
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Wounded Knee
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gathered up 350 dying Sioux, demanded to give up weapons, a shot was fired, soldiers opened fire with deadly cannon
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The Dawes Act
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broke up reservations and give land to each family, individuality. Remaining land will go to whites
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Jim Crow Laws
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racial segregation laws
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Upton Sinclair
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Muckraking journalist who wrote The Jungle
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The Jungle
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Book written by Upton Sinclair about the meat packing industry
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James Garfield
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Independent presidential candidate, gave reformers most of his patronage jobs once elected
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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wanted civil service reform, president
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Grover Cleveland
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president, attempted to lower tariff but congress refused
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Prohibition
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banning of alcoholic beverages
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Muckrakers
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journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business
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Scientific Management
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improve efficiency by breaking manufacturing tasks into simpler parts, aka the assembly line
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Referendum
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a vote on the initiative
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Recall
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voters could remove public officers for elected positions by forcing them to participate in another election
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)
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Full equality among the races, did not support the progressive movement
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Suffrage
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the right to vote
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Federal Trade Commission
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A "watchdog" agency, investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes. Enforced periodic reports from companies and end unfair business practices
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Meat Inspection Act
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Dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpacking industries
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William McKinley
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Ohioan, elected into office, his election collapsed populism
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Theodore Roosevelt
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president, wanted to clean up the slaughterhouse
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William Howard Taft
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president, expand Roosevelt's reform and lower tariffs
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Clayton Antitrust Act
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prohibited corporations from getting stocks of other countries in effort to avoid monopoly
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Chinese Immigrants
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300,00, came for gold rush, built transcontinental railway
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Ellis Island
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immigration inspection station (physical and governmental) in New York
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Angel Island
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immigration station in San Fran Bay, harsh questioning and detention
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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stopped chinese for coming into the US except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials
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The Bull Moose Party
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A progressive party. Wants direct elections of senator, woman suffrage, 8 hour workdays, and federal law against child labor.
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The Gentlemen's Agreement
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Japan limits immigration of unskilled workers for the US to repeal segregation order
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William Jenning Bryan
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Democrat and Nebraskan
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Marquis de Lafayette
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Military leader, foreign
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Santa Fe
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A route from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico, which is used by traders
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17th amendment
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Amendment that provides for the election of the US senators by the people rather than by the state legislatures
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Conservation
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Planned management of natural resources, which involves protecting the environment.
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Draft
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A required enrollment in the armed services
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John Marshall
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Federalist chief justice who declared that part of Congress's Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
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James Monroe
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President elected in 1816, very invested in foreign affairs
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Andrew Jackson
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President in 1828, embraced expanding economies, territories, and democracy.
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John C Calhoun
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Southerner who convinced congressmen from their regions to approve the Tariff of 1816.
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Jeffersonian Republicanism
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Jefferson's theory of government where the people should control the government and that a simple government best suited for the needs of the people.
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Judicial Review
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The ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional.
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The Great Plains
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A vast grassland that extends through the central portion of North American
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James A. Polk
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1844 president, a slaveholder and firmly favored the annexation of Texas. Went to war with Mexico in attempt to gain Texas, New Mexico, and California.
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Jacksonian Democracy
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Jackson's ideal of political power that gives common people a chance to participate in government.
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Frederick Douglas
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An African American who escaped slavery and became an eloquent and outspoken critic of slavery.
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Samuel Morse
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A New England artist who created the telegraph
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Dred Scott Vs. Sanford
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Scott appealed to the Supreme Court for his freedom on the ground that living in a free state, which makes him a free. Ruled against Dred because property could not be free.
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Radical white abolitionist who was also a young editor
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The Confederacy
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Secessionist states that left the United States
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Manifest Destiny
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A belief that the expansion of the US throughout the american continent was both justified and inevitable
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Free-Enterprise
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An economic system in which private business operates in competition and and largely free of state control.
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The War of 1812
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This battle fostered a strong sense of national pride. America declared War on the British after the British interfered with America's international trade
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Cotton Gin
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A machine for separating cotton from its seeds
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Santa Anna
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Mexican General. Tried to crush Texas revolt. Lost battles to Winfield Scott and zachary taylor in the mexican war
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The California Gold Rush
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People flocked to California due to the overwhelming amount for gold found
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The National Bank
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Bank that would issue paper money and handle taxes and other government funds.
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Natural Rights
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Rights people have under natural law. They are given to any human on this earth, no matter race or religion
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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first battle of the revolutionary war. 1775. British troops drive Americans from Breed's hill to Bunker Hill. Americans had run out of gunpowder.
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The Union
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an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights
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The Populists
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A member of a political party looking to represent the people
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Trust Busting
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Theodore Roosevelt's term for prosecuting monopolies
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Age of Exploration
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European ships traveling to find new trade routes between the 1500's and 1700's
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Great compromise
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was an agreement between large and small states made a the constitutional convention of 1787 and defined the legislative structure and representation each state would receive.
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Internal Revenue Act
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Increased the income tax rates established by the Revenue Act.
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Anaconda Plan
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A plan for the Union to surround the Confederates. Emphasized blocking the South's ports then would split the south in two by invading the Mississippi river.
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The Mayflower Compact
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The first written framework for government establish in what now is the US.
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The Revolutionary War
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The war for the US independence. America is fighting from their freedom from Britain.
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Religious Tolerance
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People allow other people to think or practice other religions and beliefs.
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Gospel of Wealth
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Article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889. It described the responsibility of philanthropy to the upper middle class and self made rich.
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Red Cloud
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important leader of the oglala lakota.
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Pickett's Charge
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An infantry assault ordered by a confederate general robert E. Lee against george G. Meade's union
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Fredericksburg
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A battle in Fredericks, virginia between general Robert E. Lee's confederate army and the union army of Potomac commanded by major general ambrose burnside
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Appomattox Court House
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One of the last battles of the American civil war. Confederate general Robert E. Lee's army surrendered to union army under lieutenant general Ulysses S Grant.
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John Brown
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A radical abolitionist who believed in violence to overthrow the slavery system. He led an attack with his brothers on a pro-slavery residents. Attacked and occupied Harpers Ferry.
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Christopher Columbus
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Italian explorer who was funded by Spain. Was credited for the discovery of America and treated Native Americans horribly.
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The Declaratory Act
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An act which asserted Parliament's full right "to bind the colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever"
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Little Big Horn
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A battle between the US Colonel Cluster and Native tribes. The Natives outnumbered Cluster and overwhelmed. Was known as "Clusters last stand"
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Transcontinental Railroad
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Central Pacific and Union Pacific created a railway that stretched from east to west. Met in Promontory, Utah. Many immigrants built this and many died.
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The Elastic Clause
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Gives congress the power to pass any laws that
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Louisiana territory
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The purchase by the US from France of the Louisiana territory in 1803. President Thomas Jefferson set this up fearing that The French wanted to establish an empire in North America
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Battle of New Orleans
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A battle had no bearing on the outcome of the war, but elevated national pride, which had suffered a number of setbacks during the War of 1812. Was the last armed engagement between the United States and Britain.
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The Mexican War
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First U.S. armed conflict fought on foreign soil,
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The American System
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system that consisted of three parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture.
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Free-soiler
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minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period of American history that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories.
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Metacom
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Wampanoag leader who waged King Philip's War with New England colonists who had encroached on Native American territory.
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Frederick Winslow Taylor
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American Mechanical engineer who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. One of the first manager consultants.
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Ida Tarbell
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American teacher and author and journalist. Leading muckracker of the progressive movement. Thought to have pioneered investigative journalism.
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John Smith
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English explorer who helped found the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. Saved by pocahontas
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Olaudah Equiano
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prominent African in London. A freed slave who supported the British movement to end the slave trade.
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Hessians
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30,000 German troops hired by the British to help fight during the American Revolution
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Daniel Shays
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American Soldier. One of the leaders of shays rebellion.
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Stephen Douglas
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American politician from Illinois. Designer of the Kansas Nebraska act. He was a US representative and senator and democratic nominee for president in 1860 losing to Abraham Lincoln.
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Hernando Cortes
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Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the aztec empire.
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Charles Sumner
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Antislavery leader, elected into congress as a free-soilers, beaten by Preston Brooks,
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Jefferson Davis
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Mexican war hero, US senator from Mississippi. President of the confederate states of america. (Princess Leia- president of rebellion)
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Woodrow Wilson
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28th president of the US. Was a progressive and and governor of NJ
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William Seward
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Served as governor of NY and was a secretary of state during the civil war. Won a seat in the New york state senate
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Preston Brooks
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Beat charles sumner with a cane. Democratic representative from south carolina.
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Jim Beckwourth
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American mountain man, fur trader and explorer
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Edward Curtis
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American ethnologist and photographer of the American West and of native american people
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Thomas Nast
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Political cartoonist
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Lewis and Clark
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First American expedition to cross what is now the western portion of the United States. Their goal was to find the most direct and practicable water communication across the country
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John Quincy Adams
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American statesman who served as the sixth President of the United States. He was also a diplomat, Senator and member of the House of Representatives
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Sam Houston
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American politician and soldier, best known for his role in bringing Texas into the United States as a constituent state.
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Edwin Stanton
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an American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War
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Samuel Adams
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an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States
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John Hancock
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Wrote a bold signature on the declaration of independence
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Thomas Hobbes
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Philosophiser
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Ann Hutchinson
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puritan spiritual advisor
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Molly Pitcher
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Nickname given to a woman said to have fought in the American Battle of Monmouth. Most likely was mary ludwig hays. Stepped in for husband
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Dolly Madison
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American first lady and wife of james madison, the fourth president of the US.
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