Urban Studies – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
While only 9% of the world's population lived in cities in 1900, approximately what percent does today?
answer
50%
question
Although cities began to emerge by 8000 B.C.E., they did not become the primary type (where as the majority of the population lived in them) of human settlement until:
answer
313 C.E. ;; 10,000 years ago
question
Which of the following do Macionis and Parrillo suggest are good reasons for studying the city?
answer
all of the above
question
Although historians have studied cities for centuries, in which of the academic disciplines listed below were cities first studied systematically?
answer
sociology
question
When did urban sociology emerge as a separate field of study in North America, and who was its primary exponent?
answer
The Industrial Revolution, Karl Marx
question
Early scholars of urbanization portrayed the city as:
answer
a dangerous place where community and family were threatened
question
The area of study in which urbanists, who try to understand why cities are located in particular places, work is called:
answer
. urban geography
question
The area of study in which urbanists, who try to understand why people disperse within cities the way they do, work is called:
answer
urban ecology
question
The "Anatomy" of modern North American cities has been characterized by:
answer
all of the above
question
Demographers suggest that the growth of exurbs results from:
answer
the exodus of business and industry from central cities
question
According to the Macionis and Parrillo, the most important consequence of declining population growth in central cities for people who remain is:
answer
less federal funding and political representation
question
By social structure, urbanists mean:
answer
patterns of city life shaped by wealth and power disparities
question
Which of the following is (are) true concerning urban growth in a global context?
answer
all of the above
question
Which of the factors listed below is (are) quality of urban life indicators?
answer
all of the above
question
The oldest city known to archeologists emerged in human history:
answer
10,000 years ago ;; Jericho
question
In 1994, the proportion of the world's population living in cities was
answer
45 percent
question
According to archeologists, populations began to settle in fertile places
answer
because of increased population density
question
The early settlements were characterized by:
answer
a relatively complex division of labor
question
Jericho
answer
all of the above
question
City-states
answer
were found in Mesopotamia
question
The study of early urban settlements reveals
answer
discontinuity and change in developmental patterns
question
Mesopotamia was characterized by
answer
theocratic political regimes
question
The archeological record of Egyptian cities is less detailed due to
answer
building materials
question
Egyptian cities were symbols of
answer
the pharaohs' power
question
The ancient city of Moenjo-Daro
answer
all of the above
question
The pattern of Chinese cities
answer
is more diffused than in other areas
question
In Mesoamerica
answer
at the beginning, only few people resided permanently in the cities
question
Greek cities
answer
. all of that above
question
The Roman civilization was
answer
based on the expression of militaristic power
question
Following the collapse of the Roman empire, cities in Europe
answer
became smaller or disappeared
question
The revival of cities during the eleventh century is explained by:
answer
all of the above
question
Renaissance humanists saw cities as
answer
ideal places for human development
question
The city of Cracassonne in France includes all but which one of the following:
answer
gridiron streets
question
The Black Plague
answer
killed at least one-fourth of the European population
question
A demographic transition refers to:
answer
the fact that birth rates remained high while death rates decreased dramatically
question
London emerged as:
answer
a Roman outpost
question
London became a world city during the 16th century because of all but which of the following:
answer
its infrastructure
question
Native Americans
answer
had a few small permanent settlements
question
The first European settlement in North America was
answer
St. Augustine in Florida
question
The early cities in the United States were characterized by
answer
all of the above
question
Before the Revolutionary War, New York
answer
attracted a significant number of Jewish and German immigrants
question
The American Revolution
answer
was a city-instigated war
question
At the beginning of the Revolutionary war
answer
urban settlements were concentrated on the East Coast
question
The growth of Baltimore was promoted by
answer
both b and c
question
The urban growth of the early nineteenth century was primarily due to
answer
the expansion of trade networks
question
The original U.S. settlers
answer
saw cities as corrupting the good life
question
The North's victory in the Civil War announced
answer
an explosion of urban industrial growth
question
The technological advances which promoted the growth of the "great metropolis" include all but which of the following:
answer
the telephone
question
Between 1870 and 1920, cities grew
answer
both upwards and outwards
question
Which demographic trends contributed to the increase in urban population:
answer
both a. and c.
question
Politically speaking, the era of the "great metropolis" corresponds to
answer
increasing pressures on city officials to represent people's interests
question
The industrialization of the city during the late 1800s
answer
increased the profits of property owners
question
Between 1870 and 1920, the number of immigrants who arrived in the United States totaled
answer
20 million
question
The Quota system, designed to limit foreign immigration to the United States,
answer
. led to increased migration from the South to the North of the United States
question
The New Deal
answer
all of the above
question
The period since 1950 has been characterized by
answer
both b. and c.
question
A "Megalopolis"
answer
is a continuous urban region created by the sprawling of many independent cities
question
The Sunbelt expansion
answer
was promoted by the higher labor and energy costs in Snowbelt cities
question
Problems in the Sunbelt cities include all but which of the following
answer
inadequate infrastructure systems
question
Edward Banfield argues that
answer
cities are doomed to disappear
question
The current revitalization of cities is due primarily to:
answer
the desire of young professionals to live in an urban setting
question
The postindustrial era is characterized by
answer
lower rents in gentrified neighborhoods
question
By 1800, the population of New York
answer
was about 60,000
question
New York famous skyscrapers, the Chrysler and Empire State Buildings, and the Rockefeller Center opened
answer
around 1930
question
Business Improvement Districts
answer
provide services typically provided by city governments
question
What term is used to describe spread-out or low-density development beyond the edges of services and employment?
answer
sprawl
question
Sprawl is most obvious and grows most spectacularly in the rapid growth areas of the:
answer
South and West
question
Those seeking to curb sprawl base their concerns around four strategies. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
answer
suburban relocation
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the most time squandered cities because of traffic congestion?
answer
Columbus, OH
question
How does sprawl hurt cities?
answer
all of the above
question
Oregon and Washington require all communities to make official designations in order to separate urban areas from their surrounding greenbelt of open lands, including farms, water sheds, and parks. These designations are called
answer
urban growth boundaries
question
Some transit-oriented approaches for relieving traffic congestion focus on building more highway lanes using
answer
"smart corridors"
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed solutions to urban sprawl, as discussed in the text?
answer
c. gentrification
question
____________ are new, sprawling, middle-class, automobile-dependent centers typically located at the fringe of older urban areas, at the intersections of major highways, where little except villages or farmland existed three decades earlier.
answer
Edge cites
question
Who among the following identified over 200 new edge cities in the United States and Canada?
answer
Garreau
question
The text points out that edge cities fall into one of three major categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
answer
exurbs
question
The text discusses three edge city variations. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
answer
Edge cities as mediator
question
In the United States, _____________ can be traced to the late 1800s, when upper-income gated developments in New York's Tuxedo Park and private streets in St. Louis sprang up, as wealthy citizens sought to "insulate themselves from the troublesome aspects of rapidly industrializing cities."
answer
gated communities
question
How many gated communities now exist in the United States?
answer
. 20,000
question
The text points out that gated communities fall into one of three categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
answer
urban growth
question
Urban society emerged in the context of:
answer
the industrial revolution in Europe
question
Sociology emerged with the work of:
answer
Auguste Comte
question
According to Marx, social institutions are determined by
answer
the economic system
question
The "Asiatic modes of production" refer to
answer
an economic structure characterized by limited division of labor, common property and lack of individualism
question
The concept of "gemeinschaft" means
answer
community
question
Which of the following characteristics is not part of Gesellschaft
answer
kinship
question
Durkheim saw "organic solidarity" as
answer
a social order based on a complex division of labor
question
Georg Simmel focused on
answer
the social psychology of city life
question
According to Simmel, individual behavior in the city is dominated by:
answer
rationality
question
The murder of Ms. Genovese illustrates
answer
the cultivated indifference observed by Simmel
question
The comparative approach to urban sociology was promoted by
answer
. Weber
question
According to Weber, the ideal city is characterized by:
answer
all of the above
question
Authors in the classical European tradition all saw the city as
answer
. increasing human choice b. characterized by a complex division of labor
question
Park's image of the city includes all but which of the following
answer
a homogenous population
question
Compared to the classical European tradition, Parks' urban sociology
answer
. is more empirical
question
According to Wirth, the large population size of cities creates
answer
a need for the formal control structures
question
Modern researchers have shown that
answer
. urban tolerance is a product of wealth and education
question
Suzanne Keller found that, in the private sphere, urbanites are
answer
more social than in the public sphere
question
The positive relationship between density and pathological behavior
answer
. appears to be linked to poverty and racial discrimination appears to be linked to poverty and racial discrimination
question
According to recent evidence, the city
answer
all of the above
question
The image of a city, as defined by Kevin Lynch, is the
answer
generalized mental picture of the city's external physical world
question
People form images of cities by
answer
a. distinguishing between physical locations in the city b. talking the others about what are the important landmarks
question
The five common elements in urban images according to Lynch are
answer
districts, edges, landmarks, nodes, and paths
question
Stanley Milgram listed all of the following items as having an impact on how people draw their mental maps of a city except
answer
socially recognized "important areas" of the city
question
Pedestrian traffic in the U.S. is characterized by all of the following except
answer
people walk blindly into traffic
question
An urban network is
answer
interpersonal ties
question
Elizabeth Bott found that working class spouses
answer
. had a segregated marriage network while middle-class spouses had a joint one
question
Identifying with the city is aided by
answer
all of the above help residents to identify with the city
question
Gerald Suttles argues that the images which people have about cities are
answer
objective reality
question
Most urban poor try to cope with the harsh realities of life through
answer
. forming social networks
question
Virginia Schein's single mothers on public assistance all
answer
. were working or had some work experience
question
Carol Stack found in her study of poor African Americans that they
answer
. punished those who refused to reciprocate in the mutual aid network
question
We make sense of the city by responding to its
answer
. all of the above
question
We respond to the city
answer
. all of the above
question
Geographic settings
answer
interact with social factors to shape the city
question
The use of private automobiles in Los Angeles
answer
all of the above
question
A look at the most populous North American metropolis suggests that:
answer
the majority are located on waterways
question
The growth of the city of Houston in Texas
answer
was promoted by its location on the Gulf of Mexico and its proximity to oil fields
question
For a setting to become a city, it must
answer
have a minimally hospitable environment
question
The city of Las Vegas
answer
. was made possible because of modern technology
question
The importance of defense
answer
. explains the radio centric shape of many cities
question
Gridiron cities
answer
. were typically built after the industrial revolution
question
The development of gridiron cities is due mostly to
answer
economic factors
question
Vertical city growth
answer
required new building technology
question
Urban ecology
answer
all of the above
question
According to Park the shape of a city is
answer
determined by competition and population movement
question
The invasion-succession movement refers to
answer
the movement of social groups to different neighborhoods of the city
question
The concentric zone hypothesis suggests that
answer
cities grow outward in a series of concentric rings over time
question
. What Burgess calls the zone in transition
answer
consists primarily of light manufacture factories and ethnic neighborhoods
question
. Criticism of the Chicago School of Urban Ecolgy include all but which of the following
answer
. is lacks a theoretical foundation
question
. The sector theory
answer
. many residential districts take a pie-shape form rather than resembling an entire ring
question
. The multiple nuclei theory
answer
. argues that as cities grow, they diversify and develop distinct sectors of activities
question
. A "social area
answer
. consists of a census tract inhabited by people sharing a unique combination of social characteristics
question
. Social area analysis does not emphasize which of the following?
answer
age of residents
question
Factorial analysis
answer
all of the above
question
. In explaining urban land use patterns, factorial analysis emphasizes the importance of
answer
. socioeconomic status, family status, and ethnicity
question
The synthesis theory of Berry and Rees suggests that:
answer
. all earlier land-use theory were partially correct
question
. Edge cities
answer
are typically located near major highways and shopping malls
question
The most dominant type of edge city found in North America fits in the category of
answer
. boomers
question
According to political economists:
answer
the distribution of wealth and power are important determinants of the shape of cities
question
The "new urban sociology"
answer
draws on Marxism
question
According to the Central Place Theory:
answer
all of the above are true
question
Alonso's model suggests that:
answer
as distance from the Central Business District increases, rents decrease
question
According to Valentine, the fact that poor African Americans paid significantly higher prices for their groceries than others illustrates
answer
the fact that black residents often have limited choices regarding where to shop
question
Richard Fox's city types included all but which of the following:
answer
. medieval cities
question
The structural context of the last decade include all but which of the following:
answer
an increase in manufacture jobs
question
Henri Lefebvre
answer
argues that urban development is a product of the capitalist economic system
question
In Lefebvre's theory, "abstract space"
answer
is the type of space considered by government and businesses
question
David Harvey's research:
answer
. is based on Lefebvre's ideas about the second circuit of capital
question
According to David Harvey,
answer
governments shape a city's use of space
question
"Welfare capitalism"
answer
describe a market system where the government provides workers with subsidies
question
Castell's concept of the mode of development
answer
a. is based on the similar Marxist concept of mode of production b. can be used to understand industrial growth in suburbs
question
The fact that many industries absorbed their competitors and formed oligopolies
answer
a. illustrates horizontal integration
question
Vertical disintegration is linked to all but which of the following
answer
increase in northeastern U.S. urban population
question
According to Logan and Molotch, urban growth coalitions
answer
. focus on ways to increase profits and economic activities
question
In the United States, economic restructuring includes
answer
a. a decline in the proportion of manufacturing jobs in overall employment b. a rise in entry-level jobs for lower-skilled workers
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New