question

While only 9% of the world's population lived in cities in 1900, approximately what percent does today?

answer

50%

question

Although cities began to emerge by 8000 B.C.E., they did not become the primary type (where as the majority of the population lived in them) of human settlement until:

answer

313 C.E. ;; 10,000 years ago

question

Which of the following do Macionis and Parrillo suggest are good reasons for studying the city?

answer

all of the above

question

Although historians have studied cities for centuries, in which of the academic disciplines listed below were cities first studied systematically?

answer

sociology

question

When did urban sociology emerge as a separate field of study in North America, and who was its primary exponent?

answer

The Industrial Revolution, Karl Marx

question

Early scholars of urbanization portrayed the city as:

answer

a dangerous place where community and family were threatened

question

The area of study in which urbanists, who try to understand why cities are located in particular places, work is called:

answer

. urban geography

question

The area of study in which urbanists, who try to understand why people disperse within cities the way they do, work is called:

answer

urban ecology

question

The "Anatomy" of modern North American cities has been characterized by:

answer

all of the above

question

Demographers suggest that the growth of exurbs results from:

answer

the exodus of business and industry from central cities

question

According to the Macionis and Parrillo, the most important consequence of declining population growth in central cities for people who remain is:

answer

less federal funding and political representation

question

By social structure, urbanists mean:

answer

patterns of city life shaped by wealth and power disparities

question

Which of the following is (are) true concerning urban growth in a global context?

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the factors listed below is (are) quality of urban life indicators?

answer

all of the above

question

The oldest city known to archeologists emerged in human history:

answer

10,000 years ago ;; Jericho

question

In 1994, the proportion of the world's population living in cities was

answer

45 percent

question

According to archeologists, populations began to settle in fertile places

answer

because of increased population density

question

The early settlements were characterized by:

answer

a relatively complex division of labor

question

Jericho

answer

all of the above

question

City-states

answer

were found in Mesopotamia

question

The study of early urban settlements reveals

answer

discontinuity and change in developmental patterns

question

Mesopotamia was characterized by

answer

theocratic political regimes

question

The archeological record of Egyptian cities is less detailed due to

answer

building materials

question

Egyptian cities were symbols of

answer

the pharaohs' power

question

The ancient city of Moenjo-Daro

answer

all of the above

question

The pattern of Chinese cities

answer

is more diffused than in other areas

question

In Mesoamerica

answer

at the beginning, only few people resided permanently in the cities

question

Greek cities

answer

. all of that above

question

The Roman civilization was

answer

based on the expression of militaristic power

question

Following the collapse of the Roman empire, cities in Europe

answer

became smaller or disappeared

question

The revival of cities during the eleventh century is explained by:

answer

all of the above

question

Renaissance humanists saw cities as

answer

ideal places for human development

question

The city of Cracassonne in France includes all but which one of the following:

answer

gridiron streets

question

The Black Plague

answer

killed at least one-fourth of the European population

question

A demographic transition refers to:

answer

the fact that birth rates remained high while death rates decreased dramatically

question

London emerged as:

answer

a Roman outpost

question

London became a world city during the 16th century because of all but which of the following:

answer

its infrastructure

question

Native Americans

answer

had a few small permanent settlements

question

The first European settlement in North America was

answer

St. Augustine in Florida

question

The early cities in the United States were characterized by

answer

all of the above

question

Before the Revolutionary War, New York

answer

attracted a significant number of Jewish and German immigrants

question

The American Revolution

answer

was a city-instigated war

question

At the beginning of the Revolutionary war

answer

urban settlements were concentrated on the East Coast

question

The growth of Baltimore was promoted by

answer

both b and c

question

The urban growth of the early nineteenth century was primarily due to

answer

the expansion of trade networks

question

The original U.S. settlers

answer

saw cities as corrupting the good life

question

The North's victory in the Civil War announced

answer

an explosion of urban industrial growth

question

The technological advances which promoted the growth of the "great metropolis" include all but which of the following:

answer

the telephone

question

Between 1870 and 1920, cities grew

answer

both upwards and outwards

question

Which demographic trends contributed to the increase in urban population:

answer

both a. and c.

question

Politically speaking, the era of the "great metropolis" corresponds to

answer

increasing pressures on city officials to represent people's interests

question

The industrialization of the city during the late 1800s

answer

increased the profits of property owners

question

Between 1870 and 1920, the number of immigrants who arrived in the United States totaled

answer

20 million

question

The Quota system, designed to limit foreign immigration to the United States,

answer

. led to increased migration from the South to the North of the United States

question

The New Deal

answer

all of the above

question

The period since 1950 has been characterized by

answer

both b. and c.

question

A "Megalopolis"

answer

is a continuous urban region created by the sprawling of many independent cities

question

The Sunbelt expansion

answer

was promoted by the higher labor and energy costs in Snowbelt cities

question

Problems in the Sunbelt cities include all but which of the following

answer

inadequate infrastructure systems

question

Edward Banfield argues that

answer

cities are doomed to disappear

question

The current revitalization of cities is due primarily to:

answer

the desire of young professionals to live in an urban setting

question

The postindustrial era is characterized by

answer

lower rents in gentrified neighborhoods

question

By 1800, the population of New York

answer

was about 60,000

question

New York famous skyscrapers, the Chrysler and Empire State Buildings, and the Rockefeller Center opened

answer

around 1930

question

Business Improvement Districts

answer

provide services typically provided by city governments

question

What term is used to describe spread-out or low-density development beyond the edges of services and employment?

answer

sprawl

question

Sprawl is most obvious and grows most spectacularly in the rapid growth areas of the:

answer

South and West

question

Those seeking to curb sprawl base their concerns around four strategies. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

answer

suburban relocation

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the most time squandered cities because of traffic congestion?

answer

Columbus, OH

question

How does sprawl hurt cities?

answer

all of the above

question

Oregon and Washington require all communities to make official designations in order to separate urban areas from their surrounding greenbelt of open lands, including farms, water sheds, and parks. These designations are called

answer

urban growth boundaries

question

Some transit-oriented approaches for relieving traffic congestion focus on building more highway lanes using

answer

"smart corridors"

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed solutions to urban sprawl, as discussed in the text?

answer

c. gentrification

question

____________ are new, sprawling, middle-class, automobile-dependent centers typically located at the fringe of older urban areas, at the intersections of major highways, where little except villages or farmland existed three decades earlier.

answer

Edge cites

question

Who among the following identified over 200 new edge cities in the United States and Canada?

answer

Garreau

question

The text points out that edge cities fall into one of three major categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

answer

exurbs

question

The text discusses three edge city variations. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

answer

Edge cities as mediator

question

In the United States, _____________ can be traced to the late 1800s, when upper-income gated developments in New York's Tuxedo Park and private streets in St. Louis sprang up, as wealthy citizens sought to "insulate themselves from the troublesome aspects of rapidly industrializing cities."

answer

gated communities

question

How many gated communities now exist in the United States?

answer

. 20,000

question

The text points out that gated communities fall into one of three categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

answer

urban growth

question

Urban society emerged in the context of:

answer

the industrial revolution in Europe

question

Sociology emerged with the work of:

answer

Auguste Comte

question

According to Marx, social institutions are determined by

answer

the economic system

question

The "Asiatic modes of production" refer to

answer

an economic structure characterized by limited division of labor, common property and lack of individualism

question

The concept of "gemeinschaft" means

answer

community

question

Which of the following characteristics is not part of Gesellschaft

answer

kinship

question

Durkheim saw "organic solidarity" as

answer

a social order based on a complex division of labor

question

Georg Simmel focused on

answer

the social psychology of city life

question

According to Simmel, individual behavior in the city is dominated by:

answer

rationality

question

The murder of Ms. Genovese illustrates

answer

the cultivated indifference observed by Simmel

question

The comparative approach to urban sociology was promoted by

answer

. Weber

question

According to Weber, the ideal city is characterized by:

answer

all of the above

question

Authors in the classical European tradition all saw the city as

answer

. increasing human choice b. characterized by a complex division of labor

question

Park's image of the city includes all but which of the following

answer

a homogenous population

question

Compared to the classical European tradition, Parks' urban sociology

answer

. is more empirical

question

According to Wirth, the large population size of cities creates

answer

a need for the formal control structures

question

Modern researchers have shown that

answer

. urban tolerance is a product of wealth and education

question

Suzanne Keller found that, in the private sphere, urbanites are

answer

more social than in the public sphere

question

The positive relationship between density and pathological behavior

answer

. appears to be linked to poverty and racial discrimination appears to be linked to poverty and racial discrimination

question

According to recent evidence, the city

answer

all of the above

question

The image of a city, as defined by Kevin Lynch, is the

answer

generalized mental picture of the city's external physical world

question

People form images of cities by

answer

a. distinguishing between physical locations in the city b. talking the others about what are the important landmarks

question

The five common elements in urban images according to Lynch are

answer

districts, edges, landmarks, nodes, and paths

question

Stanley Milgram listed all of the following items as having an impact on how people draw their mental maps of a city except

answer

socially recognized "important areas" of the city

question

Pedestrian traffic in the U.S. is characterized by all of the following except

answer

people walk blindly into traffic

question

An urban network is

answer

interpersonal ties

question

Elizabeth Bott found that working class spouses

answer

. had a segregated marriage network while middle-class spouses had a joint one

question

Identifying with the city is aided by

answer

all of the above help residents to identify with the city

question

Gerald Suttles argues that the images which people have about cities are

answer

objective reality

question

Most urban poor try to cope with the harsh realities of life through

answer

. forming social networks

question

Virginia Schein's single mothers on public assistance all

answer

. were working or had some work experience

question

Carol Stack found in her study of poor African Americans that they

answer

. punished those who refused to reciprocate in the mutual aid network

question

We make sense of the city by responding to its

answer

. all of the above

question

We respond to the city

answer

. all of the above

question

Geographic settings

answer

interact with social factors to shape the city

question

The use of private automobiles in Los Angeles

answer

all of the above

question

A look at the most populous North American metropolis suggests that:

answer

the majority are located on waterways

question

The growth of the city of Houston in Texas

answer

was promoted by its location on the Gulf of Mexico and its proximity to oil fields

question

For a setting to become a city, it must

answer

have a minimally hospitable environment

question

The city of Las Vegas

answer

. was made possible because of modern technology

question

The importance of defense

answer

. explains the radio centric shape of many cities

question

Gridiron cities

answer

. were typically built after the industrial revolution

question

The development of gridiron cities is due mostly to

answer

economic factors

question

Vertical city growth

answer

required new building technology

question

Urban ecology

answer

all of the above

question

According to Park the shape of a city is

answer

determined by competition and population movement

question

The invasion-succession movement refers to

answer

the movement of social groups to different neighborhoods of the city

question

The concentric zone hypothesis suggests that

answer

cities grow outward in a series of concentric rings over time

question

. What Burgess calls the zone in transition

answer

consists primarily of light manufacture factories and ethnic neighborhoods

question

. Criticism of the Chicago School of Urban Ecolgy include all but which of the following

answer

. is lacks a theoretical foundation

question

. The sector theory

answer

. many residential districts take a pie-shape form rather than resembling an entire ring

question

. The multiple nuclei theory

answer

. argues that as cities grow, they diversify and develop distinct sectors of activities

question

. A "social area

answer

. consists of a census tract inhabited by people sharing a unique combination of social characteristics

question

. Social area analysis does not emphasize which of the following?

answer

age of residents

question

Factorial analysis

answer

all of the above

question

. In explaining urban land use patterns, factorial analysis emphasizes the importance of

answer

. socioeconomic status, family status, and ethnicity

question

The synthesis theory of Berry and Rees suggests that:

answer

. all earlier land-use theory were partially correct

question

. Edge cities

answer

are typically located near major highways and shopping malls

question

The most dominant type of edge city found in North America fits in the category of

answer

. boomers

question

According to political economists:

answer

the distribution of wealth and power are important determinants of the shape of cities

question

The "new urban sociology"

answer

draws on Marxism

question

According to the Central Place Theory:

answer

all of the above are true

question

Alonso's model suggests that:

answer

as distance from the Central Business District increases, rents decrease

question

According to Valentine, the fact that poor African Americans paid significantly higher prices for their groceries than others illustrates

answer

the fact that black residents often have limited choices regarding where to shop

question

Richard Fox's city types included all but which of the following:

answer

. medieval cities

question

The structural context of the last decade include all but which of the following:

answer

an increase in manufacture jobs

question

Henri Lefebvre

answer

argues that urban development is a product of the capitalist economic system

question

In Lefebvre's theory, "abstract space"

answer

is the type of space considered by government and businesses

question

David Harvey's research:

answer

. is based on Lefebvre's ideas about the second circuit of capital

question

According to David Harvey,

answer

governments shape a city's use of space

question

"Welfare capitalism"

answer

describe a market system where the government provides workers with subsidies

question

Castell's concept of the mode of development

answer

a. is based on the similar Marxist concept of mode of production b. can be used to understand industrial growth in suburbs

question

The fact that many industries absorbed their competitors and formed oligopolies

answer

a. illustrates horizontal integration

question

Vertical disintegration is linked to all but which of the following

answer

increase in northeastern U.S. urban population

question

According to Logan and Molotch, urban growth coalitions

answer

. focus on ways to increase profits and economic activities

question

In the United States, economic restructuring includes

answer

a. a decline in the proportion of manufacturing jobs in overall employment b. a rise in entry-level jobs for lower-skilled workers

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